Ward Connerly

activist; businessperson; educational administrator

Personal Information

Born Ward Connerly, June 15, 1939, Leesville, Louisiana; married Ilene, 1963; one son, one daughter, two grandchildren.
Education: American River Junior College; earned B.A. in political science with honors at Sacramento State College.
Politics: Member of Republican party, 1969-.
Memberships: Board member, California Chamber of Commerce; Chairman of California Governor's Foundation.

Career

Held various civil service positions in state housing agencies, 1962-73. President and Chief Executive Officer of Connerly & Associates Inc., 1973-. Member of the Board of Regents, University of California, 1993-. Chair and main spokesperson for California Civil Rights Initiative, 1995-.

Life's Work

Ward Connerly, a businessman and Regent of the University of California, is best known as an outspoken, uncompromising critic of affirmative action programs in the United States. "Contrary to popular belief, slavery has not been ended. It is alive and well in America. We call it `affirmative action,'" he wrote in Black Enterprise. In Connerly's view, preferential policies merely encourage dependency and failure in the very people they were meant to help.

Connerly is a controversial figure in the black community, harshly criticized by such political leaders as Reverend Jesse Jackson and California State Senator Diane Watson, and often harassed by strangers in public. Connerly told the Atlanta Journal Constitution that he estimated 85 percent of blacks opposed him. Nevertheless, his ideas seem to be gaining ground in California, which is often a political bellwether for the rest of the nation.

In 1995, as a member of the Board of Regents of the University of California, Connerly proposed that affirmative action in admissions and hiring be abolished. After an acrimonious debate and a relatively close vote, the Board passed Connerly's proposal. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, the decision was "the most dramatic setback of affirmative action in American higher education since the concept gained favor in the 1970s."

More recently, Connerly was the chairman and main spokesperson for the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), the group responsible for Proposition 209. This proposed amendment to the Californian constitution aimed to end any kind of preferential treatment based on race, gender, or national origin. In November of 1996, the amendment was passed by the voters of California, but opponents immediately challenged its constitutionality in the courts. Connerly remains a staunch supporter of the amendment.

Ward Connerly was born on June 15, 1939, in Leesville, Louisiana. His father left home when he was one year old; his mother died a few years later. As a child, he was cared for by various relatives, living first in Washington state and then in Sacramento, California, where he was raised by his grandmother. "There were certain rules that had to be followed," Connerly told National Review. "One of them was study. Before you go anyplace, study."

Even as a young man, Connerly strongly believed in self-reliance. When he was 13, a woman from the welfare department came to visit the household. She made him feel so ashamed of being on public assistance that he went out and got his first job, which paid just 65 cents an hour, so that he could support the family.

Growing up before the civil rights era, Connerly experienced the injustice of segregation on many occasions. He remembers waiting in the car while his aunt, who was light-skinned enough to "pass" as white, went into white-only restaurants to buy food for the family. However, rather than feeling bitter about past discrimination, Connerly has chosen to focus on the times when he was treated kindly. As a young teenager in the fifties, he worked as a janitor downtown after school--racing home, changing clothes, then sprinting for the bus. Before long, the white driver was pacing his route to make sure that Connerly did not miss his ride. Later, another white man who worked downtown offered him daily lifts in his car. "Those are the kind of experiences that made me believe if you take people at face value and give them an opportunity, race is irrelevant," Connerly told U.S. News & World Report.

After graduating from high school, Connerly enrolled at American River Junior College, later transferring to Sacramento State College, where he majored in political science. In 1959, as a student at Sacramento State, he led a campaign against housing discrimination in a nearby community. The effort caught the attention of legislators, who invited Connerly to testify during their debates on a fair-housing bill, which later passed.

While in college, Connerly met his wife, Ilene, who is white. The couple have a grown son and daughter, and two grandchildren. As a racially mixed couple, "we've had a few bad experiences," Ilene told U.S. News & World Report. When the couple was newly married, and Connerly was looking for an apartment, a string of white landlords told him they had no vacancies. When Ilene inquired, however, the same landlords suddenly had apartments available.

After graduating with honors--the first member of his family to graduate from college--Connerly took a job at Sacramento's redevelopment agency and later was hired by the state housing department. Through his work and the latter, he met Pete Wilson, who would later become governor of California. At the time, Wilson was a freshman legislator and chairman of the State Assembly's new housing committee. In 1969 he hired Connerly as the committee's chief consultant.

The two became close friends, a relationship that has lasted over 28 years. As Connerly told National Review, one particular conversation stuck with him. Wilson asked him what he planned to do with his life; Connerly replied that he would probably return to the housing department. "He said, `Gee, that's awfully limiting. Haven't you ever considered other possibilities?'" As well as challenging Connerly to raise his aspirations, Wilson also convinced Connerly to join the Republican party.

In 1971, after Wilson's election as mayor of San Diego, Connerly returned to the state housing department as its chief deputy director. In 1973, Connerly left state government so that he and his wife could start their own business, a company involved in land-use planning and consulting. By 1980, Connerly & Associates was a successful small business employing 15 people. Meanwhile, Connerly continued to be active in the Republican party as a fund-raiser and informal adviser to Wilson. When Wilson ran for governor, in 1990 and 1994, Connerly was a major contributor, donating over $110,000 in just five years.

In 1993, Governor Pete Wilson appointed Connerly to the 25-member Board of Regents for the University of California, which sets policy for the nine-campus system of nearly 170,000 students. Almost immediately, Connerly became known for his strong views. Shortly after his appointment, he wrote a letter to his fellow regents, criticizing them for discouraging dissent and accepting the administration's policy recommendations too easily. Connerly also gained a reputation as the students' biggest ally on the board, voting against tuition increases and consulting students often about matters of policy.

As a regent, Connerly began to notice that racial differences played an important role at the University of California: minority students often associated only with other students of the same race; ethnic-studies programs mostly attracted students of that ethnicity; some faculty slots were reserved for minority candidates. "The whole notion of race consciousness seeps out of every pore of the university," Connerly told the Chronicle of Higher Education. It was a notion that Connerly deeply opposed.

Then, in the summer of 1994, a white couple named Jerry and Ellen Cook came to see Connerly. Their son had been rejected by the medical school at the University of California--San Diego, although he had been accepted at two other top universities. Jerry Cook, a statistician, gathered admissions information from UC medical schools, and determined that whites and Asians were often turned down, in spite of better grades and test scores than so-called "under-represented minorities." The Cooks claimed that the numbers proved racial discrimination. Connerly, who had already publicly questioned affirmative action, agreed. According to his revised proposal, social and economic factors could be considered in admissions, but only in a race-neutral way.

Opponents accused Connerly of being a black spokesperson for Governor Wilson, who was then running for the Republican nomination for president; abolishing affirmative action was a key aspect of his platform. Connerly, however, denied that Wilson set his political agenda, pointing out that he had voted against the tuition increases that Wilson supported and that his involvement with affirmative action preceded Wilson's interest in the issue.

In July of 1995, the Board of Regents met to discuss Connerly's proposal. The meeting involved 13 hours of tumultuous debate, during which protesters, led by Jesse Jackson, forced the panel from its meeting room. Outside, 500 demonstrators marched and chanted, while police in riot gear ringed the building. In the end, the board voted 15-10 to end racial preferences in hiring and contracting by January 1996, and 14-10 to end preferences in admissions by January 1997. Connerly's resolution to end preferences in admissions also included a proposal to increase outreach efforts to attract low-income students. Connerly was jubilant.

Meanwhile, in 1994, a group of academics had formed the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), which advocated the following ballot initiative, later called Proposition 209: "The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education or public contracting." In essence, what the proposition would change was California's minority-based quotas and preferences.

By December of 1995, CCRI was floundering, both underfinanced and badly managed. The group needed to collect one million signatures by February 17 of 1996 in order to get the initiative on the ballot. Just over 200,000 had been collected, and signature gathering had been suspended. Earlier, Connerly had declined to join the group, fearing the negative publicity it would bring to his business family. After much reflection about the possible affect CCRI's demise would have on his UC action, Connerly reluctantly agreed to take over at CCRI. With Connerly on board, the group managed to gather the additional 693,230 signatures by the February 17 deadline.

While Connerly was almost unknown in California before he joined CCRI, afterward he endured an onslaught of negative publicity. Some critics pointed out that Connerly's company, which does business with the California state government, had clearly benefited from the strong affirmative action policies that Connerly opposed. In response, Connerly insisted that he steers clear of racial preferences, never actively seeking minority set-asides, work as a minority subcontractor, or inclusion on minority rosters. Other critics alleged that he owed all of his business success to Wilson, but Connerly vehemently denied that he had received any special favors.

Some of the criticism was bitingly personal. Strangers soon began to recognize him in public, calling him "Uncle Tom" or "Angry Oreo." Fred Jordan, a black contractor and chairman of the California Business Council for Equal Opportunity, called Connerly a "houseboy" and a "paid assassin" for conservative interests. "He's waltzing with our enemy, trying to disenfranchise us," Jordan told the New York Times. State Senator Diane Watson, who is also black, told the Los Angeles Times, "He's married to a white woman. He wants to be white. He wants a colorless society. He has no ethnic pride." According to the New York Times, Connerly later confronted Watson at a public hearing, countering, "You're a bigot."

In April of 1996, when the initiative qualified for the ballot, opponents of the measure predicted that a coalition of civil rights and women's groups would be able to defeat it. Together, the Ford, Rockefeller, and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.5 million to the campaign against the initiative. Among major corporations, only Pacific Gas and Electric publicly opposed the measure. Meanwhile, Connerly tirelessly campaigned for the initiative, insisting that racial preferences breed racial resentments, and that minorities do not need them to succeed.

In November of 1996, Proposition 209 passed at the California polls, 54 percent to 46 percent. However, the American Civil Liberties Union immediately filed suit, winning a temporary restraining order which prevented the initiative from taking effect.

On December 21, 1996, the White House announced that it would join the challenge to the constitutionality of Proposition 209, claiming that it violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. "By joining the lawsuit against Proposition 209, President Clinton has betrayed his commitment to centrist policies," Connerly told the New York Times. "He recently said he wanted to forge a coalition of the center, yet by this action he joins the radical left."

While the future of Proposition 209 is in doubt, Connerly is convinced that his decision to support it was correct. "Why do I have the position I have? Because it is my duty as an American citizen," Connerly said in a speech to the Heritage Foundation. "I am often asked if I would do it over again, knowing what I know now about the loss of privacy, the personal insults and the occasional negative stories. My response is `in a heart beat.' This is the price of citizenship in a democracy."

Further Reading

Sources

• Atlanta Journal/Constitution, August 25, 1996, p. B7; April 20, 1996, p. A8; July 24, 1995, p. A6; July 21, 1995, p. A9.
• Black Enterprise, November 1995, p. 157.
• Chronicle of Higher Education, July 28, 1995, p. A27.
• National Review, September 2, 1996, p. 24-26.
• New York Times, December 21, 1996, p. 1; April 18, 1996, p. A1.
• U.S. News & World Report, March 25, 1996, p. 22.

— Carrie Golus

Wardell Anthony Connerly
Born	June 15, 1939(1939-06-15)
Other names	Ward Connerly
Ethnicity	African-American
Citizenship	United States
Alma mater	California State University, Sacramento
Known for	Proposition 209 Michigan Civil Rights Initiative
Political party	Republican
Board member of	University of California

Wardell Anthony Connerly (born June 15, 1939) is a African-American political activist, businessman, and former University of California Regent. He is also the founder and the chairman of the American Civil Rights Institute, a national non-profit organization in opposition to racial and gender preferences.^[1] He is considered to be the man behind California's Proposition 209 outlawing race- and gender-based preferences in state hiring and state university admissions, widely known as affirmative action. His twelve-year tenure on the Board of Regents ended on March 1, 2005.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Support of political campaigns against racial preferences 3 Political views 3.1 Party identification 3.2 Support for domestic partnership benefits 3.3 Support of same-sex marriage 3.4 Support of multi-racial category on government forms 4 Criticisms 4.1 Personal 4.2 Affirmative action and desegregation 4.3 Trent Lott controversy 4.4 Ku Klux Klan 5 References 6 External links

Early life

Wardell Anthony Connerly was born June 15, 1939, in Leesville, Louisiana. Connerly has stated he is one-fourth black and half-white, with the rest a mix of Irish, French, and Choctaw American Indian.^[2] His father, Roy Connerly, left the household when Ward was 2, and his mother died when Ward was 4. The young Connerly went to live first with an aunt and uncle and then a grandmother. He attended Sacramento State College, eventually receiving a bachelor of arts with honors in political science in 1962 . While in college, Connerly was student body president and actively involved with Delta Phi Omega, later becoming an honorary member of Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity. During his college years, Connerly was active in campaigning against housing discrimination and helped to get a bill passed by the state legislature banning the practice.

After college, he worked for a number of state agencies and Assembly committees, including the Sacramento re-development agency, the state department of housing and urban development, and State Assembly committee on urban affairs. It was during the late 1960s that he became friends with then-legislator Pete Wilson (who would become governor in 1991). At the suggestion of Wilson, Connerly stepped away from his government job in 1973 and started his own consultation and land-use planning company. In 1993 he was appointed to the University of California Board of Regents.

Connerly is married to Ilene Connerly, who is his equal partner in the firm of Connerly & Associates; they have two children.^[3] Connerly is a member of the Rotary Club of Sacramento, California and has been inducted as a lifetime member into the California Building Industry Hall of Fame.^[4]

Support of political campaigns against racial preferences

After his appointment to the University of California board of regents in 1993, Connerly began to discuss his views on affirmative action. In 1994, after listening to Jerry and Ellan Cook, whose son had been rejected at the University of California, San Francisco Medical School, Connerly became convinced that affirmative action, as practiced in the University of California, was tantamount to racial discrimination. Jerry Cook, a statistician, presented data showing that whites and especially Asians were being systematically denied admission despite having better grades and test scores than other students who were being admitted.^[5]

This was never denied by the administrators of the UC system, and led Connerly to propose abolishing these controversial programs, though his proposal would still allow consideration of social or economic factors. The regents passed the proposal in January, 1996 despite protests from activist Jesse Jackson and other supporters of affirmative action. Some believe that the UC system had been discriminating against Asian applicants, in light of the fact that the year after affirmative action was abolished, their numbers showed a dramatic increase.^[6]

UC regents developed a new system, including essay requirements that served to reveal the applicant's race and ethnicity.^[7] The new measures, titled "comprehensive review" have not yet been challenged to the California Supreme Court or the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1995, he became the chairman of the California Civil Rights Initiative Campaign^[1] and helped get the initiative on the California ballot as Proposition 209. The Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations, the ACLU, and the California Teachers Association opposed the measure. It passed by 54.6%.^[8]

In 1997, Connerly formed the American Civil Rights Institute. ACRI supported a similar ballot measure in Washington, Initiative 200, which would later pass by 58.2%.^[9]

ACRI worked to get a measure on the ballot in the 2000 Florida election. The Florida Supreme Court put restrictions on the petition language, and Governor Jeb Bush later implemented, through a program called "One Florida," key portions of Connerly's proposal, helping to keep it off the ballot by accomplishing some of its key objectives through legislation.

In 2003, Connerly helped place Proposition 54 on the California ballot, which would prohibit the government from classifying any person by race, ethnicity, color, or national origin, with some exceptions such as medical research. Critics were concerned that such a measure would make it difficult to track housing discrimination and racial profiling activities. The measure was also criticized by newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle and Los Angeles Times, which claimed it would hamper legitimate medical and scientific purposes.^[10] The measure was not passed by the voters.

Following the 2003 Supreme Court rulings in Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger, Connerly was invited to Michigan by Jennifer Gratz to support a measure similar to the 1996 California amendment. The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative appeared on the November 2006 Michigan ballot and passed.^[11]

For the 2008 elections, Connerly headed a campaign that he called "Super Tuesday for Equal Rights", which aimed to dismantle affirmative action programs in five different states via ballot measures. In three of the states, Connerly's measures failed to make it onto the ballot, and in Colorado voters rejected Amendment 46 (or the Colorado Civil Rights Initiative) by a very slim margin. Voters in Nebraska were the only ones to approve a new anti-affirmative action measure, called Initiative 424.^[12]

Political views

Party identification

Ward Connerly sees himself as a Republican with a libertarian philosophy.^[2] In January, 2008, Connerly endorsed Republican Presidential candidate Rudy Giuliani.^[13]

Support for domestic partnership benefits

Despite his close political relationship with former California Governor Pete Wilson, and their agreement on the question of affirmative action, Connerly spearheaded efforts to grant domestic partner benefits to gay and lesbian domestic partners in all state universities over Wilson's objections. This initiative was barely passed by the UC regents.^[14]

Connerly says his views on gay rights stem from his libertarian viewpoint that governments, including government-run universities, should not discriminate, whether it's favoring some students because of their race, or limiting spousal benefits to others based on their sexual orientation.^[2]

Connerly was accused of hypocrisy for supporting domestic partner benefits for gay couples while opposing affirmative action. Connerly's supporters point out that this is not contradictory: he opposes discrimination, whether it is against gays, or any racial, religious, or ethnic group. Connerly dislikes the phrase "reverse discrimination:" to him, racial discrimination is indistinguishable, regardless of which racial or ethnic group is the target.^{[citation needed]}

Connerly's support for domestic partner benefits also earned him the ire of the conservative advocacy groups Family Research Council and Traditional Values Coalition.^[15] In reference to Connerly, Robert Knight, Director of Cultural Studies at the Family Research Council, stated, "no true conservative would equate homosexual households with marriages, because we believe that without marriage and family as paramount values, hell will break loose."^[16]

Support of same-sex marriage

In response to Proposition 8 on California's November 2008 ballot that would ban same-sex marriage in California, Connerly stated, "For anyone to say that this is an issue for people who are gay and that this isn't about civil rights is sadly mistaken. If you really believe in freedom and limited government, to be intellectually consistent and honest you have to oppose efforts of the majority to impose their will on people."^[17]

Support of multi-racial category on government forms

On July 9, 1997, Connerly's advocacy organization, the American Civil Rights Institute, expressed disappointment with the federal government's decision to reject the addition of a multi-racial category on the Census and other government forms that collect racial data.^[18] This press release was the beginning of Connerly's alliance with prominent members of what has become known as the multiracial movement. Prior to spearheading the Racial Privacy Initiative (Proposition 54) in California, Connerly forged ties with the publishers of Interracial Voice and The Multiracial Activist^[19], prominent publications for the multiracial movement. Eventually, Connerly enlisted the help of several outspoken members of the multiracial movement to assist with the execution of the Racial Privacy Initiative.

Criticisms

Personal

In 1995, former State Senator Diane Watson said about him, "He's married to a white woman. He wants to be white. He wants a colorless society. He has no ethnic pride. He doesn't want to be black."^[20][21]

After publication of Connerly's autobiography, some relatives claimed his accounts of an impoverished childhood were exaggerated or simply false. Connerly's aunt confirmed his account and said his detractors "are just lyin' on him. It's jealousy and it's hatred, as low as you can get."^[22][23]

Affirmative action and desegregation

Connerly's opposition to affirmative action has generated both controversy and praise.^[24][25][26] Connerly believes affirmative action is a form of racism and that people can achieve success without preferential treatment in college enrollment or in employment. In addition he believes that selective affirmative action discriminates against minorities such as Asian Indians and South East Asians, many of whom have experienced discrimination in the past, yet do not receive the benefits of race based admissions. Critics contend Connerly fails to recognize the damaging extent of past racism, that contemporary institutionalized racism is pervasive and powerful, and that affirmative action can overcome the residual effects of past discrimination on people of minorities.

^[27]

The Detroit-based pro-affirmative action group By Any Means Necessary (BAMN) claimed that Connerly, as CEO of Connerly & Associates, Inc., his Sacramento-based consulting firm, benefited financially from affirmative action programs in contracting,^[28] a claim also made by the San Francisco Chronicle.^[29] California requires state agencies to award 15 percent of all contracts to minority classified firms.^[30] Minority-owned firms that were not classified as such were not eligible for the set-asides. This created an incentive for organizations to register their ownership by race, in order to compete with similarly owned firms. State agencies may have been reluctant to do business with minority-owned firms that were not registered as such, since they would not get full credit for those contracts. Some claim this created a form of state-sanctioned discrimination against non-registered minority-owned firms. While BAMN's charge is accurate, proper context and background are absent.

BAMN also claims that as a spokesman for the American Civil Rights Institute (ACRI) and the American Civil Rights Coalition (ACRC), Connerly earned as much as $400,000 which would make Connerly's motives venal. BAMN seeks a repeal of Proposition 209 and a return to affirmative action programs, especially in campus admissions. BAMN opposed Connerly's efforts to put the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative on the 2006 Michigan Ballot, and recently disrupted a Michigan Board of Canvassers meeting by loudly protesting and overturning a table.^[31]

Asked if Proposition 54 could derail school integration efforts in California in September 2003: "I don't care whether they are segregated or not… kids need to be learning, and I place more value on these kids getting educated than I do on whether we have some racial balancing or not."^[32]

Connerly told NOW on PBS in August, 2008: "I think that in some quarters, many parts of the country, a white male is really disadvantaged… Because we have developed this notion of women and minorities being so disadvantaged and we have to help them, that we have, in many cases, twisted the thing so that it's no longer a case of equal opportunity. It's a case of putting a fist on the scale."^[33]

Trent Lott controversy

In December 2002, Strom Thurmond resigned from the U.S. Senate, prompting Republican Senate Minority Leader Trent Lott to say, “When Strom Thurmond ran for president, we voted for him. We’re proud of it. And if the rest of the country had followed our lead, we wouldn't have had all these problems over the years, either.”

In a CNN interview the next day, Connerly stated, "Supporting segregation need not be racist. One can believe in segregation and believe in equality of the races…"^[28] Asked why he called for Lott to step down as Senate Minority Leader, Connerly said:

“

I think that we are a very forgiving people but even when you are forgiven you often pay a price for things that you do and I'll tell you I can not listen to the words that you just played, the statement you just played, and come away feeling warm and cozy about those words.[34]

”

Pressed on whether Lott was a racist, Connerly said,

“

I won't say that he's racist. I don't think he is. I think one could believe in equality of the races as he has talked about and believe that the races should remain separate and not have a notion that Black people are inferior for example. But I just can not reconcile those words that he said. I don't know what he could have meant by all of these problems.[34]

”

Ku Klux Klan

In 2006, while campaigning to pass Michigan's Proposal 2, which would end affirmative action in the state, Connerly, in a documentary was shown saying, "If the Ku Klux Klan thinks that equality is right, God bless them. Thank them for finally reaching the point where logic and reason are being applied, instead of hate." Connerly issued a written statement clarifying remarks, which some critics claimed showed a favorable tone toward the Ku Klux Klan's support for his Michigan campaign to outlaw affirmative action quotas and set-asides. Connerly's statement read, "Throughout my life I have made absolutely clear my disdain for the KKK. However, like all Americans, I hope that this group will move beyond its ugly history and agree that equality before the law is the ideal. If they or any group accepts equality for all people, I will be the first to welcome them."^[35]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "About the American Civil Rights Institute". American Civil Rights Institute. http://www.acri.org/about.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Wilayto, Phil (2000-09-07). "Ward Connerly & the American Civil Rights Institute". MediaTransparency. http://www.mediatransparency.org/personprofile.php?personID=13. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
3. ^ Bearak, Barry (July 27, 1997). "Questions of Race Run Deep for Foe of Preferences". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0DD153AF934A15754C0A961958260. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
4. ^ "Ward Connerly Bio". American Civil Rights Institute. http://www.acri.org/ward_bio.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
5. ^ "The Death of Meritocracy". La Griffe du Lion 2 (6). June 2000. http://www.lagriffedulion.f2s.com/prop209.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
6. ^ Camara, Wayne J. (Spring-Summer 2000). "Pursuing Campus Diversity After Affirmative Action". Diversity Digest. http://www.diversityweb.org/digest/Sp.Sm00/affirmative.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
7. ^ Irving, Carl (Spring 1998). "'There's No Valid Surrogate for Race'". National Crosstalk (National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education). http://www.highereducation.org/crosstalk/ct0598/news0598-race.shtml. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
8. ^ "1996 General Election Returns for Proposition 209 — CCRI". California Secretary of State website. State of California. December 18, 1996. http://vote96.sos.ca.gov/Vote96/html/vote/prop/prop-209.961218083528.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
9. ^ "Elections Search: Results: November 1998 General". Washington Secretary of State. State of Washington. http://www.secstate.wa.gov/elections/results_report.aspx?e=10&c=&c2=&t=&t2=5&p=&p2=200&y=. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
10. ^ Beal, Frances M. (August 19, 2003). "California Ballot Initiative Promotes Racist Agenda". Znet. Z Communications. http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/9981. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
11. ^ "State Proposal 2006-2: Constitutional Amendment: Ban Affirmative Action Programs". Department of State website. State of Michigan. May 10, 2007. http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/results/06GEN/90000002.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
12. ^ Zeveloff, Naomi (November 7, 2008). "After Colorado loss, Ward Connerly may pull the plug on affirmative-action bans". The Colorado Independent. http://coloradoindependent.com/14617/ward-connerly-may-pull-the-plug. Retrieved 2008-11-26. 
13. ^ Hill, John (2008-01-10). "Connerly endorses Giuliani". The Sacramento Bee. http://www.sacbee.com/static/weblogs/capitolalertlatest/009962.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
14. ^ Herek, Gregory M.. "Background: How the University of California Enacted Domestic Partner Benefits". Sexual Orientation: Science, Education, and Policy website. http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/dp-intro.html. 
15. ^ Freedberg, Louis (1997-12-31). "An Unlikely Champion of Gay Rights". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/12/31/MN22876.DTL. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
16. ^ MacDonald, Heather (2004-01-26). "The Diversity Taboo". The Perils of Reversity. http://henderworks3.ning.com/. 
17. ^ Sullivan, Andrew (July 3, 2008). "Connerly on Proposition 8". The Daily Dish. The Atlantic Monthly. http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/07/connerly-on-pro.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
18. ^ "News Release: ACRI Criticizes Federal Government's Rejection of a multiracial Census Box". American Civil Rights Institute. July 9, 1997. Archived from the original on 1998-04-25. http://web.archive.org/web/19980425063608/http://www.acri.org/news/070997.html. 
19. ^ "Message from Ward Connerly". The Multiracial Activist. April 4, 2002. http://multiracial.com/site/content/view/1502/49/. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
20. ^ Elder, Larry (March 27, 2002). "The 'B' word and disrespect". World Net Daily. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=26994. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
21. ^ Jacoby, Jeff (December 31, 1996). "Another year of hate speech from the left". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/1996/12/31/another_year_of_hate_speech_from_the_left/. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
22. ^ Pooley, Eric (June 23, 1997). "Fairness or Folly?". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986563,00.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
23. ^ McWhorter, John (September 13, 2002). "Racial Profiling". The Wall Street Journal. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_wsj-racial_profiling.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
24. ^ Perry, Tony (June 25, 1998). "Connerly to Lead GOP Fund-Raising". The Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1998/jun/25/news/mn-63508. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
25. ^ Mikailian, Arin (January 17, 2007). "Students protest controversial speaker". Daily Trojan. http://www.dailytrojan.com/news/students-protest-controversial-speaker-1.207790. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
26. ^ Sack, Joetta L. (January 26, 2005). "Calif. Regent Ward Connerly Closes Controversial Tenure" (Registration required). Education Week. http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2005/01/26/20caps-4.h24.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
27. ^ Vincent, Norah (March 28, 2000). "The New Math on Race". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-03-28/nyc-life/the-new-math-on-race/. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
28. ^ ^{a b} "Who is Ward Connerly?". BAMN website. http://www.bamn.com/doc/2003/0309-who-is-ward-connerly.asp. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
29. ^ Solis, Suzanne Espinosa (May 8, 1995). "Affirmative Action Critic Used His Minority Status". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1995/05/08/MN79160.DTL. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
30. ^ Connerly, Ward; Daniel Colimon and Herman Cain (Spring 1995). "Pride and Prejudice". Policy Review. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3567227.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
31. ^ Lefebvre, Ben (January 11, 2006). "Wham BAMN". Detroit Metro Times. http://www.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=8721. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
32. ^ "Editorial: Initiative could hurt integration efforts". San Francisco Chronicle. September 2, 2003. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/09/02/ED259415.DTL. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
33. ^ "Attacking Affirmative Action". NOW on PBS (JumpStart Productions). August 29, 2008. http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/434/index.html. Retrieved 2009--04-28. 
34. ^ ^{a b} "Wolf Blitzer Reports: Rush Transcript". December 13, 2002. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/13/wbr.00.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
35. ^ "Michigan Voters Decide Today on Ward Connerly, KKK-backed Initiative". DIVERSE: Issues In Higher Education. November 7, 2006. http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_6625.shtml. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 

External links

• Lynch, Michael W. (February 1998). "'Racial Preferences Are Dead.' Anti-quota activist Ward Connerly on…". Reason. http://www.reason.com/news/show/30527.html. 
• Connerly, Ward (August-September 2001). "Let's Rid Ourselves of Those Silly Race Boxes". The Abolitionist Examiner. http://multiracial.com/site/content/view/142/39/. 
• Connerly, Ward (January 2, 2003). "The Cancer of Race: The lessons of the Lott affair". National Review. http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-connerly010203.asp. Retrieved 2009-04-28. 
• "Letter to Ward Connerly". July 2003. http://www.chetlyzarko.com/dingell-exchange.html. "Congressman John Dingell's 'Go Home' Letter to Ward Connerly prior to the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative (MCRI) launch, and counter-responses from Connerly and others." 
• "A Candid Discussion About Racial Preferences". The Primary Source. Jan 24, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928132141/http://tuftsprimarysource.org/?p=582. 
• Peter Schwartz, Ward Connerly and Richard Sander (panelists). (November 5, 2007) (rm). Affirmative Action: A Diversity of Criticisms Panel Discussion. http://realcluster.forethought.net:8080/ramgen/ari/registeredonly/aa_panel_20071105.rm. "A panel discussion, held on the 11th anniversary of the passing of Proposition 209, offers a variety of critical perspectives on affirmative action. Addresses: what are the actual effects of affirmative action programs? And what are the ideas and ideals that lead many to support it? What should be the government’s role in fighting discrimination or promoting diversity?" 

v • d • e Affirmative action in the United States Supreme Court decisions Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) • Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) • Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) • Parents v. Seattle (2007) • Ricci v. DeStefano (2009) Federal legislation and edicts Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) • Executive Order 10925 (1961) • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Executive Order 11246 (1965) State initiatives Proposition 209 (CA, 1996) • Initiative 200 (WA, 1998) • Proposal 2 (MI, 2006) • Initiative 424 (NE, 2008) People Ward Connerly • Arthur Fletcher

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