wax
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(wăks) 
n.
Made of wax: a wax candle.
tr.v., waxed, wax·ing, wax·es.
wax2 (wăks)
intr.v., waxed, wax·ing, wax·es.
n.
- Any of various natural, oily or greasy heat-sensitive substances, consisting of hydrocarbons or esters of fatty acids that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.
- Beeswax.
- Cerumen.
- A solid plastic or pliable liquid substance, such as ozocerite or paraffin, originating from petroleum and found in rock layers and used in paper coating, as insulation, in crayons, and often in medicinal preparations.
- A preparation containing wax used for polishing floors and other surfaces.
- A resinous mixture used by shoemakers to rub on thread.
- A phonograph record.
- Something suggestive of wax in being impressionable or readily molded.
Made of wax: a wax candle.
tr.v., waxed, wax·ing, wax·es.
- To coat, treat, or polish with wax.
- Informal. To make a phonograph record of.
on wax
- In the medium of phonograph recordings.
[Middle English, from Old English weax.]
wax2 (wăks)
intr.v., waxed, wax·ing, wax·es.
- To increase gradually in size, number, strength, or intensity.
- To show a progressively larger illuminated area, as the moon does in passing from new to full.
- To grow or become as specified: "could afford ... to wax sentimental over their heritage" (John Simon).
[Middle English waxen, from Old English weaxan.]
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Any of various solid or semisolid substances. There are two main types. Mineral waxes are mixtures of hydrocarbons with high molecular weights. Paraffin wax, obtained from petroleum, is an example. Waxes secreted by plants or animals are mainly esters of fatty acids and usually have a protective function.
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Any of a class of pliable substances, organic compounds of animal, plant, mineral, or synthetic origin, less greasy, harder, and more brittle than fats. Waxes contain mostly compounds of high molecular weight (fatty acids, alcohols, and saturated hydrocarbons). Many melt at moderate temperatures and form hard films that can take a high polish. Animal and plant waxes are esters of fatty acids and either a sterol ( steroid) or a straight-chain higher alcohol (e.g., cetyl alcohol). Animal waxes include beeswax; wool wax (lanolin), used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics; and sperm oil and spermaceti (from sperm whales), used as lubricants. Plant waxes include carnauba wax, candelilla wax, and sugarcane wax, used in polishes. About 90 of the waxes in commerce are recovered by dewaxing petroleum. There are three main types: paraffin (used in candles, crayons, paper coating, and industrial polishes and as a protective sealant, lubricant, insulating agent, and antifrothing agent), microcrystalline wax (used in paper coating), and petrolatum (used in ointments and cosmetics). Synthetic waxes (carbowaxes), derived from ethylene glycol, are commonly blended with petroleum waxes.
For more information on wax, visit Britannica.com.
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Esters of fatty acids with long-chain monohydric alcohols (fats are esters of fatty acids with glycerol), e.g. beeswax, an ester of palmitic acid with myricyl alcohol; spermaceti, palmitic acid with cetyl alcohol. Animal waxes are often esters of the steroid alcohol cholesterol.
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verb
- To make or become greater or larger: aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, build, build up, burgeon, enlarge, escalate, expand, extend, grow, increase, magnify, mount, multiply, proliferate, rise, run up, snowball, soar, swell, upsurge. Informal beef up. See increase/decrease.
- To come to be: become, come, get, grow, turn (out). See change/persist.
Idioms beginning with wax:
wax and wane
In addition to the idiom beginning with wax, also see whole ball of wax.
A thermoplastic solid material obtained from vegetable, mineral, and animal matter; soluble in organic solvents; used in paste or liquid form as a protective coating or polish on wood and metal surfaces and as an additive in paints.
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wax, substance secreted by glands on the abdomen of the bee and known commonly as beeswax; also various substances resembling beeswax. Waxes are mixtures comprising chiefly esters of monohydroxy alcohols, besides other esters and free fatty acids, free alcohols, and higher hydrocarbons. They differ from fats in that fats contain chiefly esters of glycerol. Waxes are generally harder and less greasy than fats, but like fats they are less dense than water and are soluble in alcohol and ether but not in water. Among the waxes derived from plants are carnauba wax, obtained from the leaves of a palm grown in Brazil, and candelilla wax, produced by a Mexican plant (Euphorbia antisyphilitica). Those of animal origin include wool wax, or lanolin, obtained from the surface of wool fibers and used in making certain creams, ointments, and soaps, in the processes of finishing and softening leather, and as an ingredient of some paints and varnishes; spermaceti, obtained from the sperm whale, and Chinese wax, which is deposited on certain trees in parts of Asia (especially China and India) by a species of scale insect. Mineral waxes include ozocerite and paraffin, both composed of hydrocarbons. Japan wax and bayberry (or myrtle) wax are composed chiefly of fats.
Bibliography
See L. Roth and J. Weiner, Waxes, Waxing and Wax Modifiers (1961); H. Bennett, Industrial Waxes (2 vol., 1963); P. E. Kolattukudy, ed., Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes (1976).
Word Tutor:
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wax
IN BRIEF: Any of various substances of either mineral or plant or animal origin that can be used to make candles or to coat something to make it water-repellent.
Politeness is to human nature what warmth is to wax.
— Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860).
LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!
- wax
noun, dated
A fit of anger. (1854 —) .
B. Duffy Giggling and swallowing his hiccups, acting the part of Caliban, that professional guest and sporadic author Lytton Strachey called back, Oh, O. Don't be in a wax now (1987). Hence waxy,adjective Brit Angry, quick-tempered. (1853 —) .
[Origin uncertain; perh. from phr. to wax wroth, angry, etc., to become angry.] - wax
verb trans., orig military
1: To beat, thrash; to defeat thoroughly. (1884 —) .
2: To kill, murder. (1968 —) .
L. Block A whole family gets waxed because somebody burned somebody else in a coke deal (1982).
[Origin unknown.] - wax
noun
1: A gramophone record; on wax, on a gramophone record. (1932 —) .
W. C. Handy Recording companies...made them available on wax (1941).verb trans.
2: To record for the gramophone. (1935 —) .
Daily Times (Lagos): Another new LP Record waxed by the Celestial Church of Christ Choir (1976).
[From the 'wax' discs in which the recording stylus cuts its groove.]
| waterworks, watering hole, wasted | |
| way, way-in, way-out |
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Source: Honeycomb of the honeybee (Apis spp.).
Common/vernacular names: Beeswax, bleached beeswax, white beeswax, white wax, yellow beeswax, and yellow wax.
Beeswax is the wax obtained from the honeycomb of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., as well as other Apis species, including A. cerana Fabricius (Family Apidae).
After the honey is removed from the honeycombs, the combs are washed rapidly and thoroughly with water. They are then melted with hot water or steam, strained, and run into molds to cool and harden.
There are three major beeswax products: yellow beeswax, white beeswax (bleached beeswax), and beeswax absolute (absolute cire d'abeille). Yellow beeswax is the crude beeswax first obtained from the honeycombs. White beeswax and beeswax absolute are derived from yellow beeswax, the former from bleaching with the combined action of air, sunlight, and moisture (or with peroxides) and the latter by extraction with alcohol. Beeswax is produced worldwide.
Yellow beeswax is a yellow to brownish yellow or grayish brown solid with an agreeable honey-like odor and faint but characteristic taste; it melts between 62 and 65°C.
White beeswax is a yellowish-white solid with a faint, characteristic odor, less pronounced than yellow beeswax; it is almost tasteless and translucent in thin layers; melts between 62 and 65°C.
Both yellow wax and white wax are insoluble in water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol, partly soluble in cold benzene, and completely soluble in chloroform, ether, and fixed and volatile oils.
Beeswax absolute is a pale yellow solid with a mild, sweet, and oily odor reminiscent of good linseed oil with a trace of honey notes, depending on sources.
| Bee Pollen | |
| Belladonna |
- any lipid fraction from living organisms or from crude petroleum that is a plastic substance, hard when cold, easily moulded when warm, and insoluble in water.
- any fatty-acid ester of a long-chain monohydroxy alcohol.
| wavenumber, wavelength, wave function | |
| weak interactions, weber, wee1 |
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Covering with wax.
- poultry w. — a technique for removing final hairs and feathers from incompletely plucked birds. They are dipped in hot wax which is removed when it is set.
- teat w. — a phenomenon in mares which indicates that foaling is imminent. The teats which are already distended suddenly exude a soft waxy covering, probably derived from the thick first colostrum, from the teat orifice. Not a completely reliable guide to an imminent foaling.
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n
One of several esters of fatty acids with higher alcohols, usually monohydric alcohols. Dental waxes are combinations of various types of waxes compounded to provide the desired physical properties.
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categories related to 'waxing'
- Grooming Aids and Processes - waxing: stripping away of body hair with hot wax
- Maximizers and Superlatives
See crossword solutions for the clue
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For other uses, see Wax (disambiguation).
Wax refers to a class of chemical compounds that are plastic (malleable) near ambient temperatures. Characteristically, they melt above 45 °C (113 °F) to give a low viscosity liquid. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents. All waxes are organic compounds, both synthetic and naturally occurring.
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Contents
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Types
Waxes are organic compounds that characteristically consist of long alkyl chains. Natural waxes are typically esters of fatty acids and long chain alcohols. Synthetic waxes are long-chain hydrocarbons lacking functional groups.
Plant and animal waxes
Waxes are biosynthesized by many plants and animals. They typically consist of several components, including wax esters, wax acids, wax alcohols, and hydrocarbons. Wax esters are typically derived from a variety of carboxylic acids and a variety of fatty alcohols. The composition depends not only on species, but also on geographic location of the organism. Because they are mixtures, naturally produced waxes are softer and melt at lower temperatures than the pure components.
Animal waxes
The most commonly known animal wax is beeswax, but other insects secrete waxes. A major component of beeswax is the ester myricyl palmitate substance which is used in constructing their honeycombs. Its melting point is 62-65 °C. Spermaceti occurs in large amounts in the head oil of the sperm whale. One of its main constituents is cetyl palmitate, another ester of a fatty acid and a fatty alcohol. Lanolin is a wax obtained from wool, consisting of esters of sterols.[1]
Plant waxes
Especially in warm climates, plants secrete waxes as a way to control evaporation and hydration.[2] From the commercial perspective, the most important wax is Carnauba wax, a hard wax obtained from the Brazilian palm. Containing the ester myricyl cerotate, it has many applications. Other more specialized vegetable waxes include candelilla wax, ouricury wax, sugarcane wax, retamo wax, jojoba oil. The epicuticular waxes of plants are mixtures of substituted long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, containing alkanes, fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, diols, ketones, aldehydes.[3]
Petroleum derived waxes
See also: Paraffin
Although most natural waxes are esters, paraffin waxes are hydrocarbons, mixtures of alkanes usually in a homologous series of chain lengths. These materials represent a significant fraction of petroleum. They are refined by vacuum distillation. Paraffin waxes are mixtures of saturated n- and isoalkanes, naphthenes, and alkyl- and naphthene-substituted aromatic compounds. The degree of branching has an important influence on the properties. Millions of tons of paraffin waxes are produced annually. They are used in adhesives, in foods (such as chewing gum and cheese wrapping), in cosmetics, and as coatings.
Montan wax
Montan wax is a fossilized wax extracted from coal and lignite. It is very hard, reflecting the high concentration of saturated fatty acids and alcohols, not esters that characterize softer waxes. Although dark brown and smelly, they can be purified and bleached to give commercially useful products.
Some waxes are obtained by cracking polyethylene at 400 °C. The products have the formula (CH2)nH2, where n ranges between about 50 and 100. As of 1995, about 200 million kilograms/y were consumed.[2]
Uses
Waxes are mainly consumed industrially as components of complex formulations, often for coatings.[2] The main use of polyethylene and polypropylene waxes is in the formulation of colourants for plastics. Waxes confer matting effects and wear resistance to paints. Polyethyelene waxes are incorporated into inks in the form of dispersions to decrease friction. They are employed as release agents. They are also used as slip agents, e.g. in furniture, and corrosion resistance.
Candles
Waxes and hard fats such as tallow have been used to make candles, used for lighting and decoration in a number of religious traditions, including Christianity and Hinduism, as well as various neo-pagan religions such as Wicca. The Emperor Constantine is reported to have called for the use of candles during an Easter service in the 4th century AD. Candles continue to be used today by Christians[4] in worship as symbols of the light of Christ. In the Roman Catholic Church, beeswax candles are used, since a colony of bees is a celibate sisterhood with a single mother.[5] Candles of wax or tallow took the place of lamps used in various Jewish rituals such as the Sabbath lights; in the Havdalah ceremony; and the Hanukkah lights. A synagogue had to be well lit, and pious folk used to donate candles for the purpose. On the basis of the verse: 'The soul of man is a candle of the Lord', a special candle which burns twenty-four hours is kindled on the anniversary of the death of a near relative (Yahrzeit) and often two lighted candles are placed at the head of the corpse awaiting burial.[6] In fact, according to the Shulchan Aruch, wax candles are the only kind of light which can be used for Bedikat Chametz, and not tallow or oil.[7] Candles have also played a role in pagan religions and in modern humanist festivals. Virtually all rituals in Wicca include the lighting of altar candles, where two main candles are often used to represent the God and the Goddess; and the lighting of candles is a central theme at the Wiccan holiday of Brigid or Imbolc, which is also known as Candlemas or the Feast of the Waxing Light. Wax candles were also used in secular life for lighting, signals in warfare, safety in travel and for time keeping, and are still in popular use today to provide soft lighting for meals and other social activities.
Other uses
Sealing wax was used to close important documents in the Middle Ages. Wax tablets were used as writing surfaces. There were different types of wax in the Middle Ages, namely four kinds of wax (Ragusan, Montenegro, Byzantine and Bulgarian), "ordinary" waxes from Spain, Poland and Riga, unrefined waxes and colored waxes (red, white and green).[8][9] Waxes are used to make wax paper, impregnating and coating paper and card to waterproof it or make it resistant to staining, or to modify its surface properties. Waxes are also used in shoe polishes, wood polishes, and automotive polishes, as mold release agents in mold making, as a coating for many cheeses, and to waterproof leather and fabric. Wax has been used since antiquity as a temporary, removable model in lost-wax casting of gold, silver and other materials.
Wax with colorful pigments added has been used as a medium in encaustic painting, and is used today in the manufacture of crayons and colored pencils. Carbon paper, used for making duplicate typewritten documents was coated with carbon black suspended in wax, typically montan wax, but has largely been superseded by photocopiers and computer printers. In another context, lipstick and mascara are blends of various fats and waxes colored with pigments, and both beeswax and lanolin are used in other cosmetics. Ski wax is used in skiing and snowboarding. Also, the sports of surfing and skateboarding often use wax to enhance the performance. Beeswax or coloured synthetic wax is used to decorate Easter eggs in Ukraine and the Czech Republic. Paraffin wax is used in making chocolate covered bon-bons. Wax is also used in wax bullets, which are used as simulation aids.
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Wax types
Animal waxes
- Beeswax - produced by honey bees
- Chinese wax - produced by the scale insect Ceroplastes ceriferus
- Earwax - found in the human ear.
- Lanolin (wool wax) - from the sebaceous glands of sheep
- Shellac wax - from the lac insect Kerria lacca
- Spermaceti - from the head cavities and blubber of the sperm whale
Vegetable waxes
- Bayberry wax - from the surface wax of the fruits of the bayberry shrub, Myrica faya
- Candelilla wax - from the Mexican shrubs Euphorbia cerifera and Euphorbia antisyphilitica
- Carnauba wax - from the leaves of the Carnauba palm, Copernica cerifera
- Castor wax - catalytically hydrogenated castor oil
- Esparto wax - a byproduct of making paper from esparto grass, (Macrochloa tenacissima)
- Japan wax - a vegetable triglyceride (not a true wax), from the berries of Rhus and Toxicodendron species
- Jojoba oil - a replacement for spermaceti, jojoba is pressed from the seeds of the jojoba bush, Simmondsia chinensis
- Ouricury wax - from the Brazilian feather palm, Syagrus coronata.
- Rice bran wax - obtained from rice bran (Oryza sativa)
- Soy wax - from soybean oil
Mineral waxes
- Ceresin waxes
- Montan wax - extracted from lignite and brown coal
- Ozocerite - found in lignite beds
- Peat waxes
Petroleum waxes
- Paraffin wax - made of long-chain alkane hydrocarbons
- Microcrystalline wax - with very fine crystalline structure
- Petroleum jelly
Synthetic waxes
- Polyethylene waxes - based on polyethylene
- Fischer-Tropsch waxes
- Chemically modified waxes - usually esterified or saponified
- substituted amide waxes
- polymerized α-olefins
See also
References
- ^ Wilhelm Riemenschneider1 and Hermann M. Bolt "Esters, Organic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_565.pub2
- ^ a b c Uwe Wolfmeier, Hans Schmidt, Franz-Leo Heinrichs, Georg Michalczyk, Wolfgang Payer, Wolfram Dietsche, Klaus Boehlke, Gerd Hohner, Josef Wildgruber "Waxes" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_103.
- ^ EA Baker (1982) Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. In The Plant Cuticle. Ed. DF Cutler, KL Alvin, CE Price. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-199920-3
- ^ The Hive and the Honey Bee, ed. Dadant & sons, revised 1975, p. 540
- ^ Butler, C.G. (1954) The world of the honeybee. Collins, New Naturalist series, No. 29
- ^ Jacobs, Louis (1995) "The Jewish Religion - a Companion" Oxford University Press
- ^ Shulchan Aruch: Orach Chayim: 433:2
- ^ The rational arts of living: Ruth and Clarence Kennedy Conference in the Renaissance, 1982, page 187, Studies in History, No 50, Alistair Cameron Crombie, Nancy G. Siraisi, Dept. of History of Smith College, 1987.
- ^ Handbook To Life In The Medieval World, Volume 2, page 202, Handbook to Life, Facts on File Library of World History, Madeline Pelner Cosman, Linda Gale Jones, Infobase Publishing, 2008. ISBN 9780816048878
External links
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Translations:
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Wax
Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - voks, bivoks, lak, beg
v. tr. - vokse, vokse ind, smøre med voks, bestryge, bone
adj. - voks-
idioms:
- wax in someone's hands som voks i en persons hænder
- wax paper vokspapir
2.
v. intr. - i tiltagende (om månen), stige, vokse
idioms:
- wax and wane i tiltagende og i aftagende
3.
n. - raseri, anfald
Nederlands (Dutch)
in de was zetten, wassen, toenemen, was, boenwas
Français (French)
1.
n. - (gén) cire, (Chim, Tech) paraffine, cérumen
v. tr. - cirer, épiler, faire un enregistrement de
adj. - en cire
idioms:
- wax in someone's hands (être) une vraie pâte molle entre les mains de qn
- wax paper papier paraffiné
2.
v. intr. - croître (la lune)
idioms:
- wax and wane (avoir) des hauts et des bas
3.
n. - coup de colère
Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Wachs, Ohrenschmalz
v. - wachsen, bohnern
adj. - Wachs-, wächsern
idioms:
- wax in someone's hands weich wie Wachs sein
- wax paper Wachspapier
2.
v. - zunehmen, werden
idioms:
- wax and wane zu- und abnehmen
3.
n. - (ugs.) Wutanfall
Ελληνική (Greek)
v. - κερώνω, γυαλίζω το παρκέ, παρκετάρω, μεγαλώνω, αυξάνομαι, γεμίζω
n. - κηρός, κερί
adj. - κέρινος
idioms:
- wax and wane αυξομειώνομαι
- wax in someone's hands που συμμορφώνεται ή πείθεται με ιδιαίτερη ευκολία από κάποιον
- wax paper λαδόχαρτο, κερόχαρτο
Italiano (Italian)
incerare, cera, lucido, di cera
idioms:
- wax and wane con alti e bassi
- wax in his/her hands facilmente influenzabile
- wax paper carta oleata
Português (Portuguese)
v. - encerar
n. - cera (f)
adj. - de cera
idioms:
- wax and wane crescer e decrescer
- wax in his/her hands pessoa maleável
- wax paper papel encerado (m)
Русский (Russian)
воск, парафин, ушная сера, мазь, восковая фигура, восковая свеча, сургуч, граммофонная пластинка, садовый вар, восковой, вощеный, вощить, производить звукозапись, прибывать (о луне), увеличиваться, развиваться, идти (о времени)
idioms:
- wax and wane то увеличиваться, то уменьшаться, то хуже, то лучше
- wax in his/her hands всецело подчиненный его/ее воле
- wax paper вощеная бумага
Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - cera (de abejas), matriz de cera (para fabricación de discos), cerilla (del oído)
v. tr. - encerar, untar con cera, depilar con cera, grabar en un disco
adj. - de cera
idioms:
- wax in someone's hands untarle las manos a alguien
- wax paper papel encerado
2.
v. intr. - crecer (la luna), aumentar de tamaño o intensidad
idioms:
- wax and wane tener altibajos, ir y venir
3.
n. - rabieta, rabia, enfado
Svenska (Swedish)
v. - vaxa, bona, tillta, bli
n. - vax, lack, raseri
adj. - vax-
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
给...上蜡, 把...灌制唱片, 用热蜡除去...的毛, 变大, 月亮渐满, 增大, 上蜡于, 蜡, 增加, 蜡状物, 蜡状的
idioms:
- wax and wane 月亮的盈亏圆缺, 交替增加和减少
- wax in someone's hands 完全屈服于某人, 完全受某人的摆布
- wax paper 蜡纸
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
v. intr. - 變大, 月亮漸滿, 增大
idioms:
- wax and wane 月亮的盈虧圓缺, 交替增加和減少
2.
n. - 蜂蠟
adj. - 蠟狀的
v. tr. - 上蠟於...
idioms:
- wax in someone's hands 完全屈服於某人, 完全受某人的擺佈
- wax paper 蠟紙
한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 초, 왁스, 귀지 (earwax)
v. tr. - ~에 왁스를 바르다, 왁스로 털을 제거하다, (레코드에) 취입하다
adj. - 왁스로 만든, 왁스로 된
2.
v. intr. - 달이 점점 커지다, ~ 상태로 되다
3.
n. - 불끈함
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ろう, みつろう, ワックス, 耳あか, 立腹
v. - ワックスで磨く, 満ちる, 増す, 増大する
idioms:
- sealing wax 封ろう
- wax and wane 月の満ち欠け
- wax in his/her hands 人の思い通りになる
- wax paper ろう紙
العربيه (Arabic)
(فعل) يشمع, يصبح, يصير, يكبر, ينمي (الاسم) شمع, شمع خام, غضب (صفه) شمعي
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - דונג, שעווה, תקליט
v. tr. - דינג, מרח שעווה, הסיר שערות בשעווה, הקליט
adj. - עשוי דונג, של דונג
v. intr. - גדל בהדרגה (חלקו הנראה לעין של הירח החדש), התחזק
n. - התקף זעם
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Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary
Collins Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary © Anne Bradford, 1986, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008
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Wikipedia on Answers.com
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Wax.
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