| Western Apache | ||
|---|---|---|
| Ndee biyati' / Nnee biyati' | ||
| Spoken in | United States | |
| Region | Primarily south-east Arizona | |
| Total speakers | 12,693 [1] | |
| Language family | Na-Dene
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | None | |
| ISO 639-2 | nai | |
| ISO 639-3 | apw | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
The Western Apache language is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by over 12,000 of the Western Apache peoples living primarily in east central Arizona. Goodwin (1938) claims that Western Apache can be divided into five dialect groupings:
- Cibecue,
- Northern Tonto,
- Southern Tonto,
- San Carlos
- White Mountain
Other researchers do not find any linguistic evidence for five groups, but rather three main varieties with several subgroupings:
Western Apache is most closely related to other Southern Athabaskan languages like Navajo, Chiricahua Apache, Mescalero Apache, Lipan Apache, Plains Apache, and Jicarilla Apache.
Notes
References and recommended reading
For the references, see the subarticle: Western Apache/Bibliography.
External links
- American Indian Language Development Institute (has children's video of Cactus Boy story in Western Apache)
- Apache Tribe Language
- Western Apache-English Dictionary (White Mountain)
- Simplied Apache Pronunciation
- Apache Texts
- Issues in Language Textbook Development: The Case of Western Apache
- White Mountain Apache Language: Issues in Language Shift, Textbook Development, and Native Speaker-University Collaboration
- Western Apache vocabulary word list
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