Western European Union

 

(WEU), European security and defense organization. It was set up in Brussels in 1955 as a defensive, economic, social, and cultural organization, consisting of Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands; Portugal and Spain became members in 1988, and Greece joined in 1995. After France had refused to ratify a treaty providing for a European Defense Community, the WEU was created as a substitute solution embodied in the Paris Pacts. Since Western military cooperation had been dominated by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Western economic coordination by the European Economic Community and later the European Free Trade Association, the primary function of the WEU was to supervise the rearmament of Germany, as provided for under the Paris Pacts. In 1960, the WEU transferred its cultural and social activities to the Council of Europe. Under the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the WEU was envisioned as the future military arm of the European Union (EU); it remained institutionally autonomous. In 1995 the Eurocorps, a joint force drawn from some of the WEU members, became operational. An additional 18 nations from central Europe, NATO, and/or the EU joined the WEU as associate members, observers, or associate partners in the 1990s. In 1999 the EU voted to absorb all the functions of the WEU in preparation for making the EU a defensive and peacekeeping military organization as well as a social and economic one.

Union de l'Europe Occidentale Western European Union
Members • Associate members • Observers • Associate partners
Membership		10 member states 6 associate member states 5 observer countries 7 associate partner countries
Establishment		Treaty of Brussels
-	Signed	17 March 1948

The Western European Union (WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization, established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 with the accession of West Germany and Italy in 1954. It should not be confused with the European Union (EU). The WEU headquarters are in Brussels.

Treaty of Brussels

Main article: Treaty of Brussels 1948.

The Treaty of Brussels was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands on March 17, 1948. It was a mutual intergovernmental self defence treaty which also promoted economic, cultural and social collaboration. As a result of the failure of the European Defence Community on October 23, 1954 the WEU was established by the Paris Accords with the incorporation of the then West Germany and Italy. The signatories of the Paris Agreements clearly stated their three main objectives in the preamble to the modified Brussels Treaty:

• To create in Western Europe a firm basis for European economic recovery;
• To afford assistance to each other in resisting any policy of aggression;
• To promote the unity and encourage the progressive integration of Europe.

The WEU is led by a Council of Ministers, assisted by a Permanent Representatives Council on ambassadorial level. A Parliamentary Assembly (composed of the delegations of the member states to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe) would oversee the work of the Council. Social and cultural aspects of the Brussels Treaty were handed to the Council of Europe to avoid duplication of responsibilities within Europe.^[1]

President

The WEU has a rotating 6 month presidency. When the President of the Council of the EU belongs to a country that is also a member of the WEU then that member is also the President of the WEU, and when a non member heads the EU a different member state takes over the presidency. From January 1 2005 until July 1 2005 Luxembourg was President. It was then handed over to the UK, which unusually continued as President for a second term on January 1, 2006 when non-member Austria took over the EU presidency.

Secretary-General

The organisation's Secretary-General is Javier Solana, appointed on November 20, 1999. He is also the European Union's High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy and head of the European Defence Agency.

Current status and future

Defence of the European Union
Politics High Representative Javier Solana Foreign and Security Security and Defence Defence Initiative Petersberg tasks Foreign relations Defence bodies Defence Agency EUISS Satellite Centre Military Committee Military Staff Defence Procurement Military Forces Helsinki Headline Goal EUFOR Battlegroups Gendarmerie Eurocorps Deployments Related Organisations WEU NATO

Originally, under the Amsterdam Treaty, the WEU was given an integral role in giving the EU an independent defence capability, playing a major role in the Petersberg tasks, however that situation has now been changing. On 13 November 2000, WEU Minister met in Marseille and agreed to begin transferring the organisation's capabilities and functions to the European Union, under its developing Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)^[2].

For example, on 1 January 2002, the WEU's Security Studies Institute and the Satellite Centre were transferred to the EU and became the European Union Institute for Security Studies and the European Union Satellite Centre. Notably, the role given to the WEU in the Amsterdam Treaty, was removed by the Nice Treaty and the European Constitution gives the role of collective defence to NATO^[3]. However the defence commitment, of Article 4 of the Brussels Treaty, has not been subsumed.^[4]

A summary of some of the moves towards a merger of the WEU into the EU;

• On November 20, 1999, Javier Solana, who is the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the EU, was also appointed Secretary-General of the WEU. His being head of both organisations permits him to oversee the ongoing transfer of functions from the WEU to the EU.
• The Petersberg tasks, declared by the WEU in 1992, were incorporated in 1997 into the treaty of Amsterdam of the EU, forming the basis of the European Security and Defence Policy which frames a common policy to deal with humanitarian and rescue, peacekeeping and tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking.
• The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) and European Union Satellite Centre (EUSC), both established to function under the EU's CFSP pillar, are replacements to the Western European Union Institute for Security Studies and the Western Union Satellite Centre which had been established to function in connection to the WEU.

With the transfer of responsibilities, the WEU's Parliamentary assembly was urged to dissolve itself, as it had a mandate to supervise WEU politics, not the EU's ESDP politics. But the Assembly saw itself as playing an important role, particularly with greater right of scrutiny, membership, experience and expertise in defence policy. Therefore, it renamed itself the "Interim European Security and Defence Assembly" and urged the European Convention to include it as a second chamber within the EU's institutional framework. Hence it argued it could effectively scrutinise the ESDP, help improve EU-NATO relations and be more suited, being composed of national parliamentarians, to the intergovernmental style of the ESDP.

However with the European Constitution aiming to streamline and simplify the EU's foreign policy, for example combining the two main foreign policy posts, it was not seen as wise to then create a separate double legislature for the CFSP, instead, the European Parliament was granted greater scrutiny over foreign policy.^[5]

The full merger of WEU into the EU is not yet achieved, or even certain. Even though functions such as crisis-management now fall under the EU, wider membership could mean it continues to exist in some form for a while.^[6]. New York University's book, Defending Europe, paints the situation as a "revival of the WEU" rather than a shutting down of it.

Participating states

The Western European Union has 10 member countries, 6 associate member countries, 5 observer countries and 7 associate partner countries. On June 14, 2001, Solana stated that there was no foreseeable reason to change the status of the non member countries in the organisation.

Member countries: (modified Brussels Treaty - 1954) All of them being members of both NATO and the European Union. These are the only nations that have full voting rights.  United Kingdom  France  Germany  Italy  Belgium  Netherlands  Luxembourg  Portugal (March 27 1990)  Spain (March 27 1990)  Greece (1995) Observer countries: (Rome - 1992) Observer countries are members of the European Union, but not of NATO. 1  Denmark 1  Ireland  Austria (1995)  Sweden (1995)  Finland (1995) 1 Denmark is an exception, being member of both. It has an opt-out from the Treaty of Maastricht (1992), so that it does not participate in the ESDP of the European Union. Thus in respect to the WEU it would have been more appropriate for it to be regarded as non-EU NATO member state (WEU associate status).

Associate member countries: (Rome - 1992) Associate membership was created to include the European countries that were members of NATO but not of the European Union. Since then, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary have also joined the EU.  Turkey  Norway  Iceland  Poland (1999)  Czech Republic (1999)  Hungary (1999) Associate partner countries: (Kirchberg - 1994) Countries that at the time were part of neither NATO nor of the EU. All of the following nations have since joined both NATO and the EU.  Estonia  Latvia  Lithuania  Slovakia  Bulgaria  Romania  Slovenia (1996)

Eurofor

On 15 May 1995, the Council of Ministers of the WEU met in Lisbon. Declaration of Eurofor's (European Operational Rapid Force) creation was made by France, Italy, Spain and Portugal. Eurofor became operation in June 1998 as a task force of the Western European Union.^[7]

Subsidiary bodies

Western European Armaments Group (WEAG) was established as a forum for armaments cooperation in 1976 with the aim of creating a European Armaments Agency. Its membership reached 19 in 2000: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The body closed on 23 May 2005. WEAG website

Western European Armaments Organisation (WEAO) was intended as an Armaments Agency but operations were limited to a research cell. It provided support services in defence research and technology. It was created in 1996, and closed in August 2006. WEAO Website

A large part of the work of these two agencies has now been taken over by the European Defence Agency.

See also

• List of Military alliances
• Collective defense
• Collective security

External links

• WEU official web site
• Assembly of the Western European Union; Assembly of the Western European Union
• History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance - UK Government site
• the Western European Union European NAvigator
• WEU evolution: The presentation of the Eurocorps-Foreign Legion concept at the European Parliament in June 2003

References

1. ^ the Western European Union ena.lu
2. ^ Marseille Declaration 2000 weu.int
3. ^ Western European Union (WEU) europa.eu
4. ^ EU Security Policy & the Role of the European Commission ec.europa.eu
5. ^ Occasional Paper n.57: The democratic legitimacy of the European Security and Defence Policy European Union Institute for Security Studies, April 2005
6. ^ WRITTEN QUESTION E-3750/00 by Ioannis Marínos (PPE-DE) to the Council. Incorporation of the WEU within the EU. eur-lex.europa.eu
7. ^ Eurofor eurofor.it

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