n.
One who believes that white people are racially superior to others and should therefore dominate society.
whitesupremacy white supremacy n.
white supremacist
| Dictionary: white supremacist |
n.
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| US History Encyclopedia: White Supremacy |
White Supremacy is the belief that members of the Caucasian race are superior in all ways to other groups or races in the world. In the history of the United States, white supremacy has existed as a means of justifying and preserving the nation as a white Christian country. The history of white supremacy is closely tied to the presence of slavery and the emergence, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, of the theories and categorizations of groups and nations into races. In the United States the presence of slavery and its continuance and growth in the South served as a strong foundation for white supremacy. Also important was immigration, first of the Irish and later of eastern and Mediterranean Europeans, which heightened the belief in the superiority of whiteness, defined as White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
The key group representing white supremacy was the Ku Klux Klan. Founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 by Confederate colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest, its aim was to preserve the traditions of the Old South, which for the Klan focused primarily around the suppression of African Americans and the protection of white women. In its evolution during the early twentieth century, the Klan came to stand for "100 percent pure Americanism," a fervent belief in Protestant Christianity, and a staunch opposition to immigration. But still there remained a rock solid belief in the moral, intellectual, and physical superiority of white people. Through the years the Klan fragmented, reemerging at various periods; the largest regrouping occurred after World War I. The Klan arose again in the 1960s and 1970s as the civil rights movement was successfully attaining the desegregation of public accommodations and voting rights for black Americans. In the 1980s and 1990s the Klan once again appeared, but other groups formed in that period which also espoused white supremacy or white power.
A full generation after the successes of the civil rights movement, many white Americans exhibit an increased tolerance of African Americans and a growing acceptance of racial equality. Nonetheless, the ethic of white supremacy is still very strong among some white Americans, namely those belonging or sympathetic to groups formed in the late twentieth century such as Posse Comitatus, the National Association for the Advancement of White People, the American Nazi Party, Aryan Nations, and World Church of the Creator. These groups have tried to recruit young people and have numerous sites on the Internet. They can be violent physically, with most of their attacks directed toward blacks, Jews, and immigrants. Their main goal is to return the nation to white people, root out what they see as a conspiracy between blacks and Jews to eliminate the white race, and regain pride and power for whites.
Bibliography
Hamm, Mark S. American Skinheads: The Criminology and Control of Hate Crime. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993.
Ridgeway, James. Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads, and the Rise of a New White Culture. New York: Thunder Mouth's Press, 1990.
| WordNet: white supremacist |
Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words.
The noun has one meaning:
Meaning #1:
a person who believes that the white race is or should be supreme
| Wikipedia: White supremacy |
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White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to people of other racial backgrounds. The term is sometimes used specifically to describe a political ideology that advocates the social and political dominance of whites.[1] White supremacy, as with racial supremacism in general, is rooted in ethnocentrism and a desire for hegemony.[2] It is associated with varying degrees of racism and a desire for racial separation. White supremacy has often resulted in anti-black racism and antisemitism. Different forms of white supremacy have different conceptions of who is considered white, and not all white supremacist organizations agree on who is their greatest enemy.[3]
White supremacist groups can be found in most countries and regions with a significant white population, including North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Latin America. In all of these locations, their views represent a relatively small minority of the population, and active membership of the groups is quite small. The militant approach taken by white supremacist groups has caused them to be watched closely by law enforcement officials. Some European countries have laws forbidding hate speech, as well as other laws that ban or restrict some white supremacist organizations.
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Systemic white supremacy
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White supremacy was dominant in the United States before the American Civil War and for decades after Reconstruction.[4] The same is true of Apartheid-era South Africa and of parts of Europe at various time periods; most notably under Nazi Germany's Third Reich.[citation needed]
In some parts of the United States, many people who were considered non-white were disenfranchised, barred from government office, and prevented from holding most government jobs well into the second half of the twentieth century. White leaders often viewed Native Americans (known as First Nations in Canada) and Australian Aborigines as obstacles to economic and political progress, rather than as settlers in their own right. Many European-settled countries bordering the Pacific Ocean limited immigration and naturalization from the Asian Pacific countries, usually on a cultural basis. Many U.S. states banned interracial marriage through anti-miscegenation laws until 1967, when these laws were declared unconstitutional. South Africa maintained its white supremacist-like Apartheid system until the early 1990s.[citation needed]
Movements and ideologies
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Supporters of Nordicism and Germanism consider Nordic people (Scandinavians, Germans, English, and Dutch) to be superior, shunning those of Southern and Eastern Europe (who may have darker features and different cultures) along with anyone whose ethnic heritage is not European. In Madison Grant's 1916 book, The Passing of the Great Race, Europeans who were not of Germanic origin, but who had Nordic characteristics such as blonde/red hair and blue/green/gray eyes were considered to be a Nordic admixture and suitable for Aryanization.[5]
Christian Identity is another movement closely tied to white supremacy. The Ku Klux Klan's reasons for supporting racial segregation are not primarily based on religious ideals, but some Klan groups are openly Protestant. Some white supremacists identify themselves as Odinists, although some Odinists reject white supremacy, and white supremacists are only one faction of those who support Odinism. Some white supremacist groups, such as the South African Boeremag, conflate elements of Christianity and Odinism. The World Church of the Creator (now called the Creativity Movement), believed that a person's race is his religion. Aside from this, its ideology is similar to many Christian Identity groups, in the conviction that there is a Jewish conspiracy in control of the United States government, international banking, and the media. They claim that a Racial Holy War is destined to happen, which would eliminate Jews and "mud races" from the planet.[citation needed]
The white supremacist ideology has become associated with a racist faction of the skinhead subculture, despite the fact that when the skinhead scene first developed in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s, it was heavily influenced by Jamaican rude boys and British mods.[6][7][8] By the 1980s, a sizeable and vocal white power skinhead faction had formed.[citation needed]
See also
- Apartheid, a system of rule by white people in South Africa
- Institutional racism, racism created and reinforced by institutional power structures
- Master race, the belief that one race is or ought to be dominant
- Race and intelligence, a body of research investigating the alleged differences in intelligence between races
- Jim Crow laws, racist laws made in the Southern United States during the 19th and 20th Centuries
- "The White Man's Burden", a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling
- Hate Group
- Heroes of the Fiery Cross, 200 page book published in 1928 promoting the ideals of the KKK with numerous provocative illustrations
- The Good Citizen, monthly political periodical published from 1913 to 1933 by the Pillar of Fire Church promoting women's equality, anti-Catholicism, antisemitism, nativism, and white supremacy
- Black supremacy, a racist ideology asserting superiority of black people
Footnotes
- ^ Wildman, Stephanie M. (1996). Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference. NYU Press. pp. 87. ISBN 0814793037.
- ^ Mistry, Reena (1999). Can Gramsci's theory of hegemony help us to understand the representation of ethnic minorities in western television and cinema? Institute of Communications Studies, Leeds University
- ^ Flint, Colin (2004). Spaces of Hate: Geographies of Discrimination and Intolerance in the U.S.A.. Routledge. pp. 53. ISBN 0415935865. "Although white racist activists must adopt a political identity of whiteness, the flimsy definition of whiteness in modern culture poses special challenges for them. In both mainstream and white supremacist discourse, to be white is to be distinct from those marked as nonwhite, yet the placement of the distinguishing line has varied significantly in different times and places."
- ^ Fredrickson, George (1981). White Supremacy. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. pp. p.162. ISBN 0195030427.
- ^ Grant, Madison (1916). The Passing of the Great Race. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
- ^ Smiling Smash: An Interview with Cathal Smyth, a.k.a Chas Smash, of Madness
- ^ Special Articles
- ^ Old Skool Jim. Trojan Skinhead Reggae Box Set liner notes. London: Trojan Records. TJETD169.
Further reading
- Dobratz, Betty A. & Shanks-Meile, Stephanie. "White power, white pride!": The white separatist movement in the United States (JHU Press, 2000) ISBN 978-0801865374
- Lincoln Rockwell, George. White Power (John McLaughlin, 1996)
- MacCann, Ronnarae. White Supremacy in Children's Literature (Routledge, 2000)
External links
'Heart of whiteness' documentary film about what it means to be white in South Africa
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