Wilhelm Furtwängler

For more information on Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Furtwängler, visit Britannica.com.

(b Berlin, 25 Jan 1886; d Baden-Baden, 30 Nov 1954). German conductor and composer. His ambition was to be a composer but by 1907 he had conducted his first concert, at Munich. After appointments at Breslau, Zürich, Munich and Strasbourg he became director of the Lübeck Opera (1911-15). There and at the Mannheim Opera (1915-20) he became established as the leading young German conductor. He conducted orchestras in Frankfurt and Berlin from 1920; from 1922 he was in charge of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Berlin PO. He was a regular visitor to London from 1924 (he gave Tristan and the Ring in the 1930s) and was heard in the USA from 1925. Although he often conducted the Vienna PO he was most closely associated with the Berlin PO, touring with it throughout Europe. An ambivalent relationship with the Nazi regime led him in 1934 to resign his posts (earlier in the year he had given the first performance of Hindemith's Mathis der Maler symphony, which was denounced by Goebbels). Furtwängler resumed his career in 1935 and after leaving Germany in 1945 enjoyed a successful career in Milan, Salzburg, Berlin and London, though he was not able to conduct in the USA.

His art lay in his ability to approach each performance as a spontaneous re-creation of the composer's thought. He cultivated an imprecise beat to achieve a large, unforced sonority and allowed fluctuations of tempo that conveyed through a mastery of transition a unique spiritual insight. The German Classics were at the centre of his repertory, but he also conducted Tchaikovsky, Berlioz and Debussy and gave the first performances of Bartók's First Piano Concerto and, less successfully, Schoenberg's Orchestral Variations. His compositions include three symphonies, settings of Goethe for chorus, and chamber and piano music.

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1886-1954.

German composer and conductor known for his passionate interpretation of romantic music, notably that of Wagner.

• Period: Modern (1910-1949)
• Country: Germany
• Born: January 25, 1886 in Berlin, Germany
• Died: November 30, 1954 in Baden-Baden, Germany

Biography

Although born in Berlin, conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler spent his childhood in Munich, where his father was a professor. After his talents were recognized at an early age, he was removed from school and educated privately. Furtwängler's teachers included the composer Joseph Rheinberger and the conductor Felix Mottl. By the age of 17, the young musician had written numerous works and had his conducting debut three years later with the Kaim Orchestra, where he directed the opening Largo from his own first symphony, Beethoven's overture Die Weihe des Hauses, and Bruckner's Ninth Symphony. The ambivalent response to his music and the financial instability that composition offered caused him to focus his energies on conducting.

Furtwängler's first position was at the Breslau Stadttheater in 1906 and 1907. He went to Zurich the next season, followed by an apprenticeship at the Munich Court Opera under the auspices of his teacher Mottl. From 1911 to 1921, Furtwängler served as music director of various ensembles in Lübeck, Mannheim, Frankfurt, and Vienna. From 1920 to 1922, he served as conductor of the Berlin Staatskapelle. At the age of 35, the conductor took the baton at the celebrated Berlin Philharmonic and concurrently held the same position at the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, where he remained until 1928. Furtwängler led the New York Philharmonic from 1927 to 1929, but eventually declined an offer to remain there. It was during those years that Furtwängler was appointed music director of the Vienna Philharmonic. As the 1920s drew to a close, he held positions throughout Europe, including those at the Bayreuth and Salzburg festivals (1931-1932) and the Berlin State Opera (1933). In 1932, he was awarded the Goethe Gold Medal.

When the Nazis came into power in 1933, Furtwängler strongly and publicly opposed the Nazi agenda, despite pride in his German heritage, and refused to give the Nazi salute, even in Hitler's presence. In 1934, when Hindemith's Mathis de Maler was banned by the Nazi party, Furtwängler unilaterally resigned from all of his posts, aided numerous Jewish musicians under Nazi persecution, and refused to conduct in Nazi-occupied areas. Furtwängler eventually fled to Switzerland at the suggestion of Albert Speer. When, in 1936, the New York Philharmonic offered him the position of music director, he was dissuaded from accepting the position by anti-Nazi sentiment. After the war's conclusion, the Allied command cleared Furtwängler of charges of being a Nazi sympathizer, although the American government did not "denazify" Furtwängler until 1946. In 1949, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra courted the German conductor, but its board of directors quickly withdrew its offer under the heavy and largely unjustified criticism from the orchestra's musicians.

Always welcomed in Europe, Furtwängler enjoyed continued success throughout the region. While uninterested in recording live performances, citing the impossibility for technology to capture a mood or aesthetic, he was responsible for countless recordings, most of which were made after the war. His dedication to the works of Beethoven was unsurpassed, and his enthusiasm towards the contemporary compositions of the time impressive, evidenced by his aggressive programming. Furtwängler's idiosyncratic approach to the repertoire and spontaneous interpretations were unique to say the least. Furtwängler remained a popular artist and kept a busy schedule conducting throughout Europe until his death in Baden-Baden in 1954. According to his second wife Elisabeth Ackermann, he died a darkened and melancholy man, troubled by the atrocious history his beloved Germany had written. ~ David Brensilver, All Music Guide

Discography

Glazunov: Stenka Razin Op13; Furtwangler: Te Deum Buy this CD	Beethoven: Symphony No. 3; Leonore Overture No. 3 Buy this CD	Beethoven: Fidelio Buy this CD	Richard Wagner: Tristan Und Isolde Buy this CD	Guiseppe Verdi: Otello Buy this CD
Anton Bruckner: Symphony No. 5 Buy this CD	Don Giovanni Buy this CD	Götterdämmerung/Siegfried "Finale" Buy this CD	Wilhelm Furtwängler, Volume 3 Buy this CD	Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen [Box Set] Buy this CD

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