Wilhelm Wundt

(born , Aug. 16, 1832, Neckarau, near Mannheim, Baden — died Aug. 31, 1920, Grossbothen, Ger.) German physiologist and psychologist, the founder of experimental psychology. After earning a medical degree, he studied briefly with Johannes Peter Müller and later assisted Hermann von Helmholtz. At the University of Heidelberg in 1862, following publication of his Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception (1858 – 62), he gave the first course in scientific psychology. In Principles of Physiological Psychology (1873 – 74) he claimed that psychology must be based directly on experience and that its proper method was that of controlled introspection. At the University of Leipzig (1875 – 1917), he established the first psychological laboratory (1879) and founded the first journal of psychology (1881). His later works include Outline of Psychology (1896) and Ethnic Psychology (10 vol., 1900 – 20).

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Wilhelm Max Wundt

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The German psychologist and philosopher Wilhelm Max Wundt (1832-1920) was the founder of experimental psychology. He edited the first journal of experimental psychology and established the first laboratory of experimental psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt was born on Aug. 16, 1832, in Baden, in a suburb of Mannheim called Neckarau. As a child, he was tutored by Friedrich Müller. Wundt attended the gymnasium at Bruschel and at Heidelberg, the University of Tübingen for a year, then Heidelberg for more than 3 years, receiving a medical degree in 1856. He remained at Heidelberg as a lecturer in physiology from 1857 to 1864, then was appointed assistant professor in physiology. The great physiologist, physicist, and physiological psychologist Hermann von Helmholtz came there in 1858, and Wundt for a while was his assistant.

During the period from 1857 to 1874 Wundt evolved from a physiologist to a psychologist. In these years he also wrote Grundzüge der physiologischen psychologie (Principles of Physiological Psychology). The two-volume work, published in 1873-1874, stressed the relations between psychology and physiology, and it showed how the methods of natural science could be used in psychology. Six revised editions of this work were published, the last completed in 1911.

As a psychologist, Wundt used the method of investigating conscious processes in their own context by "experiment" and introspection. This technique has been referred to as content psychology, reflecting Wundt's belief that psychology should concern itself with the immediate content of experience unmodified by abstraction or reflection.

In 1874 Wundt left Heidelberg for the chair of inductive philosophy at Zurich, staying there only a year. He accepted the chair of philosophy at the University of Leipzig, and in 1879 he founded the first psychological laboratory in the world. To Leipzig, men came from all over the world to study in Wundt's laboratory. In 1879 G. Stanley Hall, Wundt's first American student, arrived, followed by many other Americans. From this first laboratory for experimental psychology a steady stream of psychologists returned to their own countries to teach and to continue their researches. Some founded psychological laboratories of their own.

In 1881 Wundt founded Philosophische Studien as a vehicle for the new experimental psychology, especially as a publication organ for the products of his psychological laboratory. The contents of Philosophische Studien (changed to Psychologische Studien in 1903) reveal that the experiments fell mainly into four categories: sensation and perception; reaction time; time perception and association; and attention, memory, feeling, and association. Optical phenomena led with 46 articles; audition was second in importance. Sight and hearing, which Helmholtz had already carefully studied, were the main themes of Wundt's laboratory. Some of the contributions to the Studien were by Wundt himself. Helmholtz is reported to have said of some of Wundt's experiments that they were schlampig (sloppy). Comparing Wundt to Helmholtz, who was a careful experimentalist and productive researcher, one must conclude that Wundt's most important contributions were as a systematizer, organizer, and encyclopedist. William James considered Wundt "only a rather ordinary man who has worked up certain things uncommonly well."

Wundt's Grundriss der Psychologie (1896; Outline of Psychology) was a less detailed treatment than his Principles, but it contained the new theory of feeling. A popular presentation of his system of psychology was Einführung in die Psychologie (1911; Introduction to Psychology). His monumental Völkerpsychologie (1912; Folk Psychology), a natural history of man, attempted to understand man's higher thought processes by studying language, art, mythology, religion, custom, and law. Besides his psychological works he wrote three philosophical texts: Logic (1880-1883), Ethics (1886), and System of Philosophy (1889). Wundt died near Leipzig on Aug. 31, 1920.

Wilhelm Wundt

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Wundt, Wilhelm (1832-1920) German psychologist and polymath. Wundt taught physiology at Heidelberg, where he acted as assistant to Helmholtz. In 1875, the same year as William James began experimental philo-sophy at Harvard, he founded his psychological laboratory in Leipzig, where he was newly professor. He did not confine himself to the experimental study of stimuli and sensations, but wrote widely on philosophy, mythology, cultural practices, rituals, literature and art. His ten-volume Volkerpsychologie, published between 1900 and 1920, delineates stages of cultural development, from the primitive, to the totemic, through the age of heroes and gods, to the age of modern man.

Columbia Encyclopedia:

Wilhelm Max Wundt

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Wundt, Wilhelm Max (vĭl'hĕlm mäks vʊnt), 1832-1920, German physiologist and psychologist. From 1875 he taught at Leipzig, where he founded the first laboratory for experimental psychology. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. The German psychiatrist, Emil Kraepelin, was his student. His works include Elements of Folk Psychology (tr. 1916, repr. 1983), and Introduction to Psychology (1911, tr. 1912).

Oxford Companion to the Mind:

Wilhelm Max Wundt

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(1832–1920). Wilhelm Wundt, the 'father' of experimental psychology, was born at Neckerau in Baden and educated at Tübingen and Heidelberg. He studied physiology at Berlin with Johannes Müller and Du Bois-Reymond before qualifying in medicine at Heidelberg, where he became a docent in physiology shortly before Hermann von Helmholtz's arrival as professor and head of the physiology department. Although Wundt held Helmholtz in high esteem, it seems probable that the two men were never close. Whereas Helmholtz did not regard himself explicitly as a psychologist, Wundt became increasingly preoccupied with philosophical and psychological issues and for many years held lectures on psychology directed primarily at students of philosophy.

Wundt's most important book is Grundzüge der physiologische Psychologie, which was first published in 1873–4 and went into six editions. It presented psychology as an independent scientific discipline complementary to anatomy and physiology though in no sense reducible to them. The first and largest part of the fifth edition was translated into English by his former doctoral student and great admirer Edward Titchener, under the title Principles of Physiological Psychology. Although it has been said that, in this book, anatomy and physiology were only marginally related to psychology, the book none the less established the principle that experimental psychology will find its future in close alliance with the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system.

Wundt was appointed professor of physiology at Leipzig in 1875 and, in the same year, established the first laboratory in the world expressly dedicated to the advancement of experimental psychology: the Institute for Experimental Psychology. This laboratory very soon became a focus for those who held a serious interest in psychology, at first mainly for those who had studied philosophy and psychology in other German universities, but soon for graduates of several American and a few British universities. All subsequent psychological laboratories were closely modelled in their early years on the Wundt model.

Understandably, the activities of Wundt's laboratory closely reflected both the physiological background and the more recent philosophical preoccupations of its founder. On the more philosophical side, these were represented by the study of attention and what, following J. F. Herbart, was termed apperception; on the more psychological side, one might specify the study of sensory processes, psychophysics, and the measurement of reaction times.

In this approach to experiment in psychology, Wundt's subjects were invariably adults who had undergone an intensive training in the technique of introspection (as it was understood by Wundt) in order that the facts of immediately apprehended conscious experience should not be contaminated by previous knowledge or anticipation. Even though this alleged purity of introspective report was taken to extremes, bordering on the ridiculous, there is no doubt that it did provide a genuine training in precise and consistent subjective observation that contrasted strongly with the often haphazard and poorly controlled observations that had characterized much earlier work on sensory thresholds and psychophysics. Whether, however, such an approach to scientific psychology is truly applicable to the investigation of human personality and its development, or to abnormal states of mind, is an altogether different and far more controversial affair. None the less, it is important to bear in mind that Wundt did not himself believe that experimental method is applicable to all aspects of human psychology. In particular, he had no doubt that our understanding of language and its development must be sought through our understanding of history and culture rather than through experimental analysis. Wundt himself wrote voluminously on such issues in his later years, though very little of this work has appeared in English. It is, however, clear that the 'founder of experimental psychology' was neither a reductionist nor a dualist and that he believed that the field of application of experiment in psychology was distinctly limited.

Wundt's autobiography, Erlebtes und Erkanntes (1920), gives a straightforward account of his life and career and describes in some detail the establishment of his Institute for Experimental Psychology. This narrative outlines in a most interesting way Wundt's relations with a number of his contemporaries, not least E. H. Weber and G. T. Fechner, both of whom resided in Leipzig and both of whom he came to know well, despite the fact that Weber was a very old man at the time when Wundt first made his acquaintance. Fechner, on the other hand, was still active and directly inspired some of the experimental work in psychophysics that Wundt set in train in his new laboratory.

For a reassessment of Wundt seen through modern eyes, see

Bibliography

A. L. Blumenthal, 'A Re-appraisal of Wilhelm Wundt', American Psychologist (1975).
Also relevant is R. W. Rieber(ed.), Wilhelm Wundt and the Making of Modern Psychology (1980);

of particular interest is K. Danziger's chapter in this volume on 'Wundt's theory of behaviour and volition'. An older, if possibly unduly fulsome, account of Wundt's psychological system and the work of his laboratory is to be found in

Bibliography

E. G. Boring, History of Experimental Psychology, 1st edn. (1925)

, ch. 15.

(Published 1987)

— O. L. Zangwill

Bibliography

Rieber, R. W., and Robinson, D. K. (2001). Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology.

Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Wilhelm Wundt

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Wilhelm Wundt

Born	16 August 1832(1832-08-16) Neckarau near Mannheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, German Confederation
Died	31 August 1920(1920-08-31) (aged 88) Großbothen near Leipzig, Germany^[1]
Residence	Germany
Nationality	German
Fields	Psychology, Physiology
Institutions	University of Leipzig
Alma mater	University of Heidelberg
Doctoral students	Edward B. Titchener, G. Stanley Hall, Oswald Külpe, Hugo Münsterberg, Vladimir Bekhterev, James McKeen Cattell, Lightner Witmer^[2]
Known for	Psychology, Voluntarism

Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 - 31 August 1920 in Germany) was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology".^[3]^[4]^[5] In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.

By creating this laboratory he was able to explore the nature of religious beliefs, identify mental disorders and abnormal behavior, and find damaged parts of the brain. In doing so, he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other topics. He also formed the first journal for psychological research in 1881.

Asteroid 635 Vundtia is named in his honour.

Contents

1 Biography
2 Wundt's work and influence on modern psychology
3 See also
4 Notes and references
5 External links
- 5.1 Works online

Biography

Wundt was born at Neckarau, Baden on August 16th,^[6] 1832 (now part of Mannheim), the fourth child to parents Maximilian Wundt (a Lutheran minister), and his wife Marie Frederike. When about four years of age, Wundt's family moved to Heidelsheim which was known to be a small town. He studied from 1851 to 1856 at the University of Tübingen, University of Heidelberg, and the University of Berlin. After graduating in medicine from Heidelberg (1856), Wundt studied briefly with Johannes Peter Müller, before joining the University's staff, becoming an assistant to the physicist and physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz in 1858. There he wrote Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception (1858–62).^[7] In 1865, he wrote a textbook about human physiology. In 1867 he became a professor in acquainting medical students with the exact physical needs for medical investigation. In 1874, he became a professor of "Inductive Philosophy" in Zurich. In 1875, he moved back to Leipzig.

He married Sophie Mau while at Heidelberg. It was during this period that Wundt offered the first course ever taught in scientific psychology, all the while stressing the use of experimental methods drawn from the natural sciences, emphasizing the physiological relationship of the human brain and the mind. His background in physiology would have a great effect on his approach to the new science of psychology. His lectures on psychology were published as Lectures on the Mind of Humans and Animals in 1863-1864. He was promoted to Assistant Professor of Physiology at Heidelberg in 1864.^[7] Weber (1795–1878) and Fechner (1801–1887), who worked at Leipzig, inspired Wundt's interest in neuropsychology.

Wundt applied himself to writing a work that came to be one of the most important in the history of psychology, Principles of Physiological Psychology in 1874. This was the first textbook that was written pertaining to the field of psychology.^[8]The Principles utilized a system of psychology that sought to investigate the immediate experiences of consciousness, including feelings, emotions, volitions and ideas, mainly explored through Wundt's system of "internal perception", or the self-examination of conscious experience by objective observation of one's consciousness.

Wundt proclaimed that a human's soul – if indeed they had one – was irrelevant, as humans could only be understood in terms of physically observable phenomena. A search for the spiritual nature of humans, he reasoned, was a waste of time as there was no psyche. Thus psychology became the study of the spirit which denied the spirit. The subject of psychology thereafter became prevalent in universities.

Wundt's work and influence on modern psychology

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Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind

Parts of Wundt's system were developed and championed by his one-time student, Titchener, who described his system as Structuralism. Several of Wundt's works, including Principles of Physiological Psychology, are considered fundamentally important texts in the field of psychology. Though widely recognized as important in the birth and growth of psychology, his influence in psychology today is a subject of continuing debate among experts.^{[citation needed]} Wundt was also notable in the field of psycholinguistics. For example, the influential Leonard Bloomfield based his linguistics textbook, published in 1914, on Wundtian psychology. Wundt hypothesized that the mental sentence, or "inner psychological construction", determines the unfolding sentence, and should therefore be regarded as a unit of speech.^[9]

In 1886, in his book Ethics, Wundt formulated the famous expression heterogony of ends (Heterogonie der Zwecke).^[10]^[11]

Though Wundt wrote extensively on a variety of subjects including philosophy, physics, physiology, psycholinguistics, and of course psychology, the immensity of his collected writings and the 65 year-long duration of his career makes it difficult to identify a single, coherent mode of thought.^[3] Wundt is argued by some writers to have been a devout foundationalist, working tirelessly to understand the intricacies of the areas of knowledge he studied to form a coherent, atomistic understanding of the universe.^[12] In recognition of Wundt's work, the American Psychological Association established the "Wilhelm Wundt-William James Award for Exceptional Contributions to Trans-Atlantic Psychology", which recognizes "a significant record of trans-Atlantic research collaboration." ^[13]

Several of Wundt's students became eminent psychologists in their own right. They include: the Germans Oswald Külpe (a professor at the University of Würzburg), Ottmar Dittrich (who continued Wundt's work in psycholinguistics by heading the group on phonetics and psychology of language at the University of Leipzig); the Americans James McKeen Cattell (the first professor of psychology in the United States), G. Stanley Hall (the father of the child psychology movement and adolescent developmental theorist, head of Clark University), Charles Hubbard Judd (Director of the School of Education at the University of Chicago), Hugo Münsterberg, Walter Dill Scott (who contributed to the development of industrial psychology and taught at Harvard University), Edward Bradford Titchener (who founded the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Cornell University), Lightner Witmer (founder of the first psychological clinic in his country); the Englishman Charles Spearman (who developed the two-factor theory of intelligence and several important statistical analyses - see Factor analysis, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient); the Romanian Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (Personalist philosopher and head of the Philosophy department at the University of Bucharest).

Wundt's laboratory students called their approach Ganzheit Psychologie ("holistic psychology") following Wundt's death.^{[citation needed]} Much of Wundt's work was derided mid-century in the United States because of a lack of adequate translations, misrepresentations by certain students, and behaviorism's polemic with the structuralist program. Titchener, a two-year resident of Wundt's lab and one of Wundt's most vocal advocates in the United States, is responsible for several English translations and mistranslations of Wundt's works that supported his own views and approach, which he termed "structuralism" and claimed was wholly consistent with Wundt's position.

Titchener's focus on internal structures of mind was rejected by behaviorists following the ideas of B. F. Skinner; the latter dominated psychological studies in the mid-1900s. Part of this rejection included Wundt, whose work was eclipsed during this period. In later decades, his actual positions and techniques have seen reconsideration and reassessment by major psychologists.

An optical illusion described by him is called the Wundt illusion

Notes and references

^ See Wundt's gravestone (image)
^ Wilhelm Wundt and William James
^ ^a ^b Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
^ Butler-Bowdon, Tom. 50 Psychology Classics, (2007): p. 2.
^ http://wilhelmwundt.com/index.htm
^ Titchener, E.B. (1921). Wilhelm Wundt. The American Journal of Psychology, 32(2). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/stable/1413739
^ ^a ^b "Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt", in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, section on "Life and Times"
^ Carlson, Neil and Heth,C.Donald"Psychology the Science of Behaviour". Pearson Education Inc,2010
^ Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Kieth Brown, Cambridge University
^ Schneider, Louis (1986) Paradox and society: the work of Bernard Mandeville pp.172-3
^ Nicola Abbagnano and Giovanni Fornero (2004) Diccionario de filosofía p.542
^ Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
^ Wilhelm Wundt-William James Award for Exceptional Contributions to Trans-Atlantic Psychology

Carpenter, Shana K (August 2005). "Some neglected contributions of Wilhelm Wundt to the psychology of memory.". Psychological reports 97 (1): 63–73. doi:10.2466/PR0.97.5.63-73. PMID 16279306.
Steinberg, H (November 2001). "[The psychologist and philosopher Wilhelm Wundt and a dedication by his student Emil Kraepelin]". Der Nervenarzt 72 (11): 884. PMID 11758098.
Ziche, P (1999). "Neuroscience in its context. Neuroscience and psychology in the work of Wilhelm Wundt.". Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza 36 (2): 407–29. PMID 11640242.
Smith, R (November 1982). "Wilhelm Wundt resurrected.". British journal for the history of science 15 (51 Pt 3): 285–91. doi:10.1017/S0007087400019361. PMID 11611088.
Bringmann, W G; Balance W D, Evans R B (July 1975). "Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920: a brief biographical sketch.". Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences 11 (3): 287–97. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197507)11:3<287::AID-JHBS2300110309>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 11609842.

HICKS GD. Prof. Wilhelm Wundt. Nature (London). 1920-09-16;106:83-85.

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Wilhelm Wundt

Detailed study by Alan Kim at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Principles of Physiological Psychology
Outlines of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt - Father of Psychology
Biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
Wilhelm Wundt entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Works online

Ethics: An Investigation of the Facts and Laws of the Moral Life. Volume 1. (Tr. Edward B. Titchener et al..) Second Edition, 1902. University of Michigan.
Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology. (Trs. Edward B. Titchener and James E. Creighton.)
- Second Edition, 1896. Harvard.
- Fourth Edition, 1907. Stanford; UCLA; University of Illinois.
Outlines of Psychology. (Tr. Charles Hubbard Judd.) Second Edition, 1902. Stanford.
Principles of Physiological Psychology. Volume 1. (Tr. Edward B. Titchener.)
- First Edition, 1904. Harvard; Lane; University of Michigan; HTML.
- Second Edition, 1910. UCLA.

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Persondata
Name	Wundt, Wilhelm
Alternative names
Short description	German psychologist
Date of birth	16 August 1832
Place of birth	Neckarau near Mannheim, Grand Duchy of Baden
Date of death	31 August 1920
Place of death

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Wilhelm Max Wundt

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Wilhelm Wundt

Biography

Wundt's work and influence on modern psychology

See also

Notes and references

External links

Works online