John William Davis (April 13 1873 — March 24 1955) was an American
politician and lawyer. He was the Democratic Party nominee for
President of the United States during the 1924 presidential election, losing to Republican incumbent Calvin Coolidge.
Family and Early Life
Family Background
His great-grandfather, Caleb Davis, was a clockmaker in the Shenandoah Valley. [1] In 1816, his grandfather, John
Davis, moved to Clarksburg in what would later become West Virginia, which had a population of six or seven hundred at the time, and ran a saddle and harness
business.[2] His father, John James Davis attended Lexington Law School, which later
became the Washington and Lee School of Law, and by the age
of twenty, had established a law practice in Clarksburg.[3]
John J. Davis was a delegate in the Virginia General Assembly, and after the northwestern portion of Virginia broke away from the
rest of Virginia in 1863 and formed West Virginia, he
was elected to their House of Delegates and later as their representative to the United States House of Representatives[4].
Early Years
Davis' Sunday School Teacher recalled "John W. Davis had a noble face even when small."[5] His biographer went on to say that
"[h]e used better English, kept himself cleaner, and was more dignified than most youngsters. He was also extraordinarily
well-mannered."[6]
Education
Davis' education began at home, as his mother taught him to read before he had even memorized the alphabet.[7] She then had him reading poetry and other literature throughout the home
library.[8] After he turned ten, he was put in a class to
prepare him for the state teachers examination, with older students and a few years later he was enrolled in a previously
all-female seminary that doubled as a private boarding and day school.[9] There he received nothing less than a 94 for grades.[10]
Davis started college at the age of sixteen, and graduated from Washington & Lee's Literary Department in 1892 with a major
in Latin.[11] He joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, participated in intramural sports, and "took calico" by attending mixed
parties.[12]
He would have started law school directly after graduation, but for a lack of funds.[13] Instead, he became a school teacher for Major Edward H
McDonald of Charles Town, West Virginia.[14] Davis was put to teaching McDonald's nine children, and his six nieces and
nephews, one of whom, Julia Mcdonald, nineteen at the time, would become the future Mrs. John W.
Davis.[15] Davis fulfilled a nine-month contract with
McDonald, but then returned home to Clarksburg and apprenticed at his father's law practice, where for fourteen months he copied
documents by hand, read cases, and did much of what other aspiring lawyers did at the time. [16].
He graduated with a law degree from Washington and Lee University in 1895,
and was elected Law Class Orator.[17] His speech gave a
glimpse of his advocacy skills:
[The] lawyer has been always the sentinel of the watchtower of liberty. In all times and all countries has he stood forth in
defense of his nation, her laws and liberties, not, it may be, under a shower of leaden death, but often with the frown of a
revengeful and angry tyrant bent upon him. Fellow classmates of 1895, shall we ... prove unworthy?[18]
Washington & Lee Legacy
Washington & Lee Law School has shown great pride in Davis. In 1947 W&L University began awarding the John W. Davis
Prize to the graduating law student with the highest GPA.[19] The law school has also named their intramural Moot Court Competition after Davis. [20]
Early Legal Career
After graduating law school, Davis obtained the three signatures necessary to receive a law license, and joined his father in
practice in Clarksburg, in what was called Davis and Davis, Attorneys at Law.[21] Davis lost his first three cases before his fortunes began to turn.[22] Before Davis had completed his first year of private practice, he was asked to
come back to Washington & Lee Law School as an assistant professor, starting in the fall of 1896.[23] At the time, the law school had a faculty of two, and Davis became the third.
At the end of the year, Davis was asked to return but demurred. He decided that he needed the "rough & tumble" of private
practice.[24]
Family Connections
Davis was the uncle and adoptive father of Jimmy Carter's Secretary of State Cyrus Vance.
Political and diplomatic career
His father was John James Davis, a West
Virginia legislator who had helped create the state as a delegate to the Wheeling
Convention but who had supported slavery and opposed ratification of the 15th Amendment. Davis acquired much of his father's conservative
politics, opposing women's suffrage, child-labor laws, anti-lynching legislation and Harry S.
Truman's civil rights program while privately defending the poll tax and questioning whether African-Americans should be allowed to vote. He also maintained his father's staunch allegiance to the
Democratic Party, even as he later represented the interests of
conservative business interests opposed to the New Deal. Davis ranked as one of the last
Jeffersonians; supporting states rights and opposing a strong executive (he would be the
lead attorney against Truman's nationalization of the steel industry).
He represented West Virginia in the U.S. House of
Representatives from 1911 to 1913, where he was one of the authors of the Clayton
Act. Davis also served as one of the managers in the successful impeachment trial of Judge Robert W.
Archbald. He served as U.S. Solicitor General from 1913 to 1918
and as ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1921. As Solicitor General he successfully argued for the illegality of
Oklahoma's "grandfather law", which effectively disenfranchised most black citizens of Oklahoma by exempting white residents
descended from a voter who had been registered in 1866 from the literacy requirements of its electoral law, in Guinn v. United States. Davis's personal posture differed from his position as an advocate.
Throughout his career, he could separate his personal views and professional advocacy.
Davis was a dark horse candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in both 1920
and 1924. He won the nomination in 1924 as a compromise candidate on the one hundred and third ballot. His denunciation of the
Ku Klux Klan and his prior defense of black voting rights as Solicitor General under
Wilson cost him votes in the South and
among conservative Democrats elsewhere. He lost in a landslide to Coolidge, who did not leave his house to campaign.
Davis was a member of the National Advisory Council of the Crusaders, an influential organization that promoted the
repeal of prohibition. He was the founding President of the Council on Foreign Relations, formed in 1921, and a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1922 to 1939.
Legal career
Davis was one of the most prominent and successful lawyers of the first half of the twentieth century, arguing 140 cases
before the U.S. Supreme Court. His firm variously titled Stetson
Jennings Russell & Davis, then Davis Polk Wardwell Gardiner & Reed then Davis Polk Wardwell Sunderland & Kiendl (now
Davis Polk & Wardwell), represented many of the largest companies in the
United States in the 1920s and following decades.
The last twenty years of Davis's practice included representing large corporations in the United States Supreme Court
challenging the constitutionality and application of New Deal legislation. Davis lost many of these battles, though eloquent in
his advocacy. His legal career is most remembered for his final, losing appearance before the Supreme Court, in which he
unsuccessfully defended the "separate but equal" doctrine in Briggs v. Elliott, a companion case to Brown v.
Board of Education. Davis not only brought his great talents as an advocate to the defense of racial segregation but,
uncharacteristically, displayed his emotions in arguing that South Carolina had shown
good faith in attempting to eliminate any inequality between black and white schools and should be allowed to continue to do so
without judicial intervention. He expected to win, most likely through a divided Supreme Court, even after the matter was
reargued after the death of Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson. He declined the fee that South Carolina offered him after the Court ruled against it
unanimously.
Appearances Before the US Supreme Court
Davis argued 140 cases before the US Supreme Court during his career.[25] Some of these were as Solicitor General, but more were as a private lawyer. It is believed that he
has argued more Supreme Court cases than any other 20th century lawyer. [26] Daniel Webster and Walter Jones are believed to have argued more cases than Davis [27], but they were lawyers of a much earlier era.
Youngstown Steel Case
One of Davis' most influential arguments before the Supreme Court was in the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer case in May of 1952. Arguing for the
Steel industry, in protest of Truman's seizure of the nation's steel plants, Davis orated for eighty-seven minutes before the
Court. He stated that Truman's acts were an "'usurpation' of power, that were "without parallel in American history."[28] The justices of the court allowed him to proceed
uninterrupted for nearly an hour and a half, with only one question arising from Justice Frankfurter, who may have had a personal
feeling against Davis relating to his 1924 presidential campaign.[29] It had been predicted that the President's actions would be upheld, and the injunction would be
lifted, but the court decided the case 6-3, upholding the injunction stopping the seizure of the steel mills.
While Davis wasn't brought into the Youngstown case until March of 1952, he was already familiar with the concept of a
presidential seizure of a steel mill. [30]In 1949, the
Republic Steel Company, fearful of advice given to President Truman by Attorney General
Tom C. Clark, retained Davis' service for an opinion letter on whether the president could
seize private industry amidst a "National Emergency." [31] Davis' opinion was that the president could not do so, unless such power already were vested in the
president. [32]He further went on to opine on the
Selective Service Act of 1948's intent, and that seizures were only authorized if a company did not sufficiently prioritize
government production in a time of crisis.[33] Washington
Post writer Chalmers Roberts subsequently wrote that rarely "has a courtroom sat in such silent admiration for a lawyer at the
bar" in reference to Davis' oral argument.[34]
Unfortunately, Davis did not allow the oral argument to be printed because the stenographic transcript was so garbled he feared
it would not be close to what was said at the Court.[35]
Of particular note in the case is that Tom Clark, former attorney general who had advised Truman about the seizure of Republic
Steel in 1949, had been nominated and confirmed to the US Supreme Court shortly after giving such advice. Yet in 1952, Justice
Clark cast his vote with the majority, even though he did not concur in the opinion.[36] In this, he voted against the President's power to seize steel factories,
seemingly in direct opposition to his previously given advice.
See also
References
- ^ Lawyer's Lawyer: The Life of John W. Davis, William H. Harbaugh,
Oxford University Press, New York 1973, p 3.
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 5-6.
- ^ Id. at 7-9.
- ^ Lawyer's Lawyer at 13.
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 14.
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 15.
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 16
- ^ Id. at 17
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 18
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 19
- ^ Id. at 24
- ^ Id. at 13
- ^ http://registrar.wlu.edu/honors/davis-prize.htm
- ^ http://law.wlu.edu/mootcourt/index.asp
- ^ Lawyer's Lawyer, p 25
- ^ Id. at 25-27
- ^ Id. at 29-30
- ^ Id. at 30
- ^ Lawyer's Lawyer, p 531.
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 462
- ^ Sydnor Thompson, John W. Davis And His Role In The Public School
Segregation Cases -- A Personal Memoir, 52 WLLR 1679, at FN 19 (1995), which states 'Frankfurter faulted Davis and Wall Street
lawyers in general for their "crass materialism": "Davis's career is ... subtly mischievous in its influence on the standards of
the next generation."'
- ^ Id. at 464
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 464-5
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id. at 476
- ^ Id. at 482
- ^ Id. at 479
External links
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
