Wittenberg

 

(vĭt'ənbĕrkh') , city (1994 pop. 53,374), Saxony-Anhalt, E Germany, on the Elbe River. A city with a noted history, it is today an industrial and mining center and a rail junction. Manufactures include chemicals and fertilizer. First mentioned in the late 12th cent., Wittenberg was (1273–1422) the seat of the Ascanian dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg (see Saxony), who in 1356 became electors of Saxony. In 1423, Saxe-Wittenberg passed to the margraves of Meissen (members of the house of Wettin), who in 1425 were given electoral rank. Elector Frederick III founded (1502) the Univ. of Wittenberg, which became the center of the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon taught there. In 1517, Luther nailed his 95 theses on the door of the Schlosskirche [castle church], and in 1520 he burned the papal bull against him outside the Elster gate. The first complete Lutheran Bible was printed (1534) at Wittenberg. Primarily the focus of the Lutheran Reformation, 16th-century Wittenberg was also a center of German art. Lucas Cranach, the elder, founded a school of painting there. In 1547 Emperor Charles V captured Wittenberg after the battle of Mühlberg, where Elector John Frederick I of Saxony was captured. By the Capitulation of Wittenberg, in the same year, John Frederick, representing the Ernestine line of the house of Wettin, ceded the electoral dignity and the duchy of Saxony to Maurice, of the collateral Albertine line. The city declined after 1547, when Dresden, residence of the Albertine dukes, replaced it as Saxon capital. In 1815 Wittenberg passed to Prussia, and in 1817 the Univ. of Wittenberg was absorbed by the Univ. of Halle. Among Wittenberg's most notable structures are the Schlosskirche (15th cent.), where Luther and Melanchthon are buried; the town church (14th–15th cent.), where Luther preached; the houses where Luther, Melanchthon, and Lucas Cranach, the elder, lived; and the city hall (16th cent.).

Lutherstadt Wittenberg Market square, with ancient town hall, statue of Martin Luther and Stadtkirche Coat of arms Location Administration Country  Germany State Saxony-Anhalt District Wittenberg Lord Mayor Eckhard Naumann (SPD) Basic statistics Area  km² ( sq mi) Elevation  m  (220 ft) Population   Please give "Stand or population_as_of" in YYYY-MM-DD format , e. g. 2005-12-31  - Density /km² ( /sq mi) Other information Time zone CET/CEST ([[UTC+1]]/[[UTC+2|+2]]) Licence plate WB Postal code 06886 Area code 03491 Website www.wittenberg.de Coordinates: 51°52′″N 12°39′″E / Expression error: unexpected / operator, Expression error: unexpected / operator

Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg* UNESCO World Heritage Site State Party  Germany Type Cultural Criteria iv, vi Reference 783 Region† Europe and North America Inscription History Inscription 1996  (20th Session) * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Herzogtum Sachsen-Wittenberg Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg State of the Holy Roman Empire ← 1260 – 1356 → Capital Wittenberg Government Principality Historical era Middle Ages  - Partitioned from the     old duchy of Saxony   1260  - Golden Bull names     Saxony as electorate   1356

Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, at the Elbe River. It has a population of about 50,000.

The importance of Wittenberg historically was due to its seat as the Elector of Saxony, a dignity held by the dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg and also to its close connection with Martin Luther and the dawn of the Reformation; several of its buildings are associated with the events of this time. Part of the Augustinian monastery in which Luther dwelt, first as a monk and later as owner with his wife and family, is preserved and considered to be the world's premier museum dedicated to Luther.

History

A settlement is mentioned first in 1180 as a small village founded by Flemish colonists. In 1293 the settlement was granted a town charter. Wittenberg soon developed into an important trade center during the following centuries due to its location. The city became an important regional political and cultural center at the end of the 15th century, when Friedrich III the Wise, Elector of Saxony took up residence in Wittenberg. Several parts of the city were extended in those days: the second bridge over the Elbe river was built from 1486 to 1490 and the Castle Church was built from 1490 to 1499. The palace was rebuilt the same time.

It was the capital of the little duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg, the rulers of which afterwards became electors of Saxony, and it continued to be a Saxon residence under the Ernestine electors. In 1502 the University of Wittenberg was founded and gave a home to many important thinkers, among them Martin Luther (Professor of Theology from 1508) and Philipp Melanchthon (Professor of Greek from 1518). On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, marking the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany. The Anabaptist movement had one of its earliest homes in Wittenberg, when the Zwickau prophets moved there in late 1521, only to be suppressed by Luther when he returned from the Wartburg in spring 1522. The Capitulation of Wittenberg (1547) is the name given to the treaty by which John Frederick the Magnanimous was compelled to resign the electoral dignity and most of his territory to the Albertine branch of the Saxon family.

In 1760 the town was bombarded by the Austrians. It was occupied by the French in 1806, and refortified in 1813 by command of Napoleon. In 1814 it was stormed by the Prussians under Tauentzien, who received the title of "von Wittenberg" as a reward. In 1815 Wittenberg became part of Prussia. Wittenberg continued to be a fortress of the third class until the reorganization of German defenses after the foundation of the new empire led to its being dismantled in 1873. Wittenberg was spared destruction during World War II, a fate suffered by many other historic German cities during the war. The allies agreed not to bomb Wittenberg, though there were fights in Wittenberg, with bullet pock-marks visible on the statues of Luther and Melanchthon at the marketsquare. At the end of World War II Wittenberg was occupied by Russian forces, and became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949. By means of the peaceful revolution in 1989 the communist regime was brought down and the city has been governed democratically since 1990.

Main sights

Wittenberg is home to numerous important historical artifacts, as well as portraits and other paintings by the Cranachs. All Saints' Church, the Schlosskirche ("castle church"), to the doors of which Luther is said to have nailed his famous 95 theses in 1517, dates from 1439–1499. It was seriously damaged by fire in 1760 during a bombardment by the French during the Seven Years' War, was practically rebuilt, and was later (1885–1892) restored. The wooden doors, burnt in 1760, were replaced in 1858 by bronze doors, bearing the Latin text of the theses. Inside the church are the tombs of Luther and Philipp Melanchthon, and of the electors Frederick the Wise (by Peter Vischer, 1527) and John the Constant (by Hans Vischer), and portraits of the reformers by Lucas Cranach the Younger. St. Mary's Church, the parish church in which Luther often preached, was built in the 14th century, but has been much altered since Luther's time. It contains a magnificent painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder, representing the Lord's Supper (with the faces of Luther and other reformers), Baptism and Confession, also a font by Hermann Vischer the Elder (1457). In addition, there are numerous historic paintings in the church. The ancient electoral palace is another of the buildings that suffered severely in 1760; it now contains archives. There are also Melanchthon's house and the house of Lucas Cranach the elder (1472–1553), who was mayor of Wittenberg. Statues of Luther (by Schadow), Melanchthon and Bugenhagen embellish the town. The spot outside the Elster Gate where Luther publicly burned the papal bull in 1520 is marked by an oak tree.

Coat of arms

Wittenberg's civic coat of arms conveys with its various heraldic elements something of the town's history. On 27 June 1293, Wittenberg was granted town rights by Duke Albrecht II. There then arose a mediaeval town whose highest governing body was its council. This council, known to have existed as early as 1317, was given the job of administering the town in its care through law and legislation, and of handling the town's revenue. For documentation, the administration used its own seal. One version of what is believed to be the town's oldest town seal, which the council used, and which dated from the first half of the 14th century, set the pattern with its elements for various civic coats of arms down to the present day.

The coat of arms symbolizes, with its crenelated wall and the towers within and each side, a town that was already strongly fortified by 1409. The two shields in the centre form the coat of arms of the Electorate of Saxony with the Saxon arms on the right, whose gold and black stripes recall the Ascanian rulers' house colours with the Rautenkranz (literally "lozenge wreath", although it is no such thing, as can be seen at the Saxony article) across them symbolizing the town's founder Duke Albrecht II since 1262, when it appeared in his arms. The shield on the left is the Wittenberg district's arms. In 1356, Emperor Charles IV bestowed upon the Duke of Saxony-Wittenberg the honour of Elector. Wittenberg became an Electoral residence. The shield with its crossed swords stands for the office of "Arch-Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire" inextricably joined by the Electorate, brought to Wittenberg by Rudolf I. Both coats of arms continued to be used by the Wettins after the Ascanians died out. The flowing water at the foot of the shield symbolizes Wittenberg's location on the river Elbe. The fish is a salmon, which were once abundant in the Elbe. The fishermen, like all professions in town, got their own order in 1422, and the fish found its way onto their coat of arms.

Theatre and culture

Wittenberg has a long tradition in cultural events. The City Theatre Mitteldeutsches Landestheater reached a great importance in GDR times. Since 1996, the City proposes Open-Air theatre shows based on the Lutheran history still alive in many historical places of the ancient town. As highlights, in 2001 and 2005, Fernando Scarpa became the artistic director of the "Bühne Wittenberg" (Stage Wittenberg), a project for theatre, art and culture in the whole of Germany which attracts to the City plenty of audience and whose success achieves European echo.

Twin towns

• Göttingen, Lower Saxony, since 1988
• Bretten, Baden-Württemberg, since 1990
• Springfield, Ohio, since 1995
• Békéscsaba, Hungary, since 1999
• Haderslev, Denmark, since 2004

Gallery

"Lutherdenkmal auf dem Marktplatz", Luther Memorial on the market place	"Melanchton-Haus", House of Philipp Melanchthon	"Schlosskirche", All Saints Church	"Turm der Schlosskirche", Tower of All Saints Church
"Stadtkirche", City Church	"Stadtkirche", City Church	"Rathaus", Town Hall	"Holzmarktbrunnen", Wood Market Fountain
"Druckerstube im Cranachhof", printing room in the Cranach yard	"Luthereiche", Luther's oak	"Theater in Wittenberg", Theatre	"Elbbrücke bei Wittenberg", Bridge over Elbe river near Wittenberg

External links

• City map.
• The town's own website (English)
• Castle Church
• Wittenberg Photo Gallery
• A Blog about Wittenberg (English)
• Theatre of Wittenberg
• Baptist Bible Church (International English Services)

Towns and municipalities in the district of Wittenberg

Abtsdorf | Annaburg | Axien | Bad Schmiedeberg | Bethau | Boßdorf | Brandhorst | Bräsen | Buko | Bülzig | Cobbelsdorf | Coswig | Dabrun | Dietrichsdorf | Düben | Elster (Elbe) | Eutzsch | Gadegast | Globig-Bleddin | Gohrau | Gräfenhainichen | Griebo | Griesen | Groß Naundorf | Horstdorf | Hundeluft | Jeber-Bergfrieden | Jessen (Elster) | Kakau | Kemberg | Klieken | Klöden | Korgau | Köselitz | Kropstädt | Labrun | Lebien | Leetza | Listerfehrda | Meuro | Mochau | Möhlau | Möllensdorf | Mühlanger | Naundorf bei Seyda | Oranienbaum | Plossig | Prettin | Pretzsch | Priesitz | Rackith | Radis | Ragösen | Rehsen | Riesigk | Rotta | Schköna | Schleesen | Schnellin | Schützberg | Selbitz | Senst | Serno | Söllichau | Stackelitz | Straach | Thießen | Tornau | Trebitz | Uthausen | Vockerode | Wartenburg | Wittenberg | Wörlitz | Wörpen | Zahna | Zemnick | Zörnigall | Zschornewitz

World Heritage Sites in Germany

Aachen Cathedral · Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch · Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl · Town of Bamberg · Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar and Dessau · Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin · Classical Weimar · Cologne Cathedral · Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz · Dresden Elbe Valley · Mines of Rammelsberg and Historic Town of Goslar · Lübeck · Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg · Maulbronn Monastery Complex · Messel Pit Fossil Site · Monastic Island of Reichenau · Muskauer Park (with Poland) · Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Quedlinburg · Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin · Pilgrimage Church of Wies · Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof · Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier · St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church at Hildesheim · Speyer Cathedral · Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar · Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen · Upper German Raetian Limes (with UK) · Upper Middle Rhine Valley · Völklingen Ironworks · Wartburg Castle · Würzburg Residence with the Count Gardens and Residence Square · Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen

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