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yellow

 
Dictionary: yel·low   (yĕl'ō) pronunciation
n.
    1. The hue of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between orange and green, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 570 to 590 nanometers; any of a group of colors of a hue resembling that of ripe lemons and varying in lightness and saturation; one of the subtractive primaries; one of the psychological primary hues.
    2. A pigment or dye having this hue.
    3. Something that has this hue.
  1. Chiefly Southern U.S. The yolk of an egg.
  2. Western U.S. Gold. Used formerly by prospectors.
  3. yellows Any of various plant diseases usually caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium or viruses of the genus Chlorogenus and characterized by yellow or yellowish discoloration.
adj., -er, -est.
  1. Of the color yellow.
    1. Having a yellow-brown skin color.
    2. Offensive. Of or being a person of Asian origin.
  2. Slang. Cowardly.
tr. & intr.v., -lowed, -low·ing, -lows.

To make or become yellow: documents that had been yellowed by age; clouds that yellow in the evening light.

[Middle English yelow, from Old English geolu.]

yellowness yel'low·ness n.

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With red and blue, one of three ink colors used in four-color process printing. Yellow is printed from the blue color separation negative, which acts as a filter, blocking all color except yellow.

Antonyms: yellow
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adj

Definition: cowardly
Antonyms: bold, brave, confident


English Folklore: yellow
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This colour carries few meanings in English lore, and no beliefs are attached to it. In the Middle Ages it stood for jealousy and treachery, and in the 19th and 20th centuries for cowardice; ‘yellow-belly’ is a mocking nickname for people of marshy districts, comparing them to frogs. In America a yellow ribbon indicates loyalty to an absent soldier or prisoner; this symbolism is spreading in Britain.

World of the Mind: yellow
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Yellow appears to be a primary or simple colour, but in fact it is signalled at the retina by a mixture of red-and green-sensitive (cone) receptors having overlapping spectral sensitivity. This is a warning that it is not possible to infer the simplicity of physiological mechanisms from the simplicity or apparent complexity of experience. It shows indeed the fallibility of introspection for understanding functions of the nervous system, if not of the mind.

But, and this is a curious business, it turns out that yellow is special neurally, but further along the visual system. Hering suggested his Opponent Colour theory in 1878 — that there are two types of receptor, each having two kinds of response; one kind signalling either red or green, the other signalling either blue or yellow. This seemed to contradict the Young–Helmholtz trichromatic theory; but it now seems that both the three-primary colours and the four-primary colours theories are true — though for different stages of colour-processing (see colour vision: brain mechanisms). So, starting from three receptors, in which yellow is a mixture, the later neural coding makes yellow special. We see this system in operation with the 'complementary colours' of after-images.

An excellent test for colour anomaly is matching a mixture of red plus green field with a monochromatic yellow field. This gives what is called the Rayleigh equation. People who are red-weak (protonotes) require more red, and people who are green-weak (deuternopes) require more green, to match the monochromatic yellow. If a normal or colour anomalous person pre-adapts the eye to bright red or green light, both fields are shifted oppositely — though the match is not affected. So this change cannot be detected with an anomalous scope used for measuring colour anomaly.

As the match is unchanged with selective adaptation, why is the match different for colour-anomalous people? Why does the anomaloscope test for 'colour blindness'? For it won't indicate colour-adaptation. It seems that the three response curves are not simply changed for sensitivity in anomaly (as they are with adaptation), but are shifted along the spectrum. Their pigments are under genetic control, so colour anomaly can be inherited.

(Published 1987)

— Richard L. Gregory

    Bibliography
  • Gregory, R. L. (1955). 'Colour anomaly, the Rayleigh equation and selective adaptation'. Nature 176.
  • Mollon, J. D., Pokorny, J., and Knoblauch, L. (2003). Normal and Defective Colour Vision.


Veterinary Dictionary: yellowness
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Average yellowness is now a required sale classification of scoured wool measured colorimetrically.

Word Tutor: yellow
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pronunciation

IN BRIEF: The color of lemons and daffodils.

pronunciation Laura liked the yellow flowers best of all.

Dream Symbol: Yellow
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Yellow usually represents energy, vigor, and enthusiasm. This color also has a negative connotation, indicating cowardice.


Wikipedia: Yellow
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Yellow
Color icon yellow.png
 — Spectral coordinates —
Wavelength 570–580 nm
 — Common connotations —
sunshine, warmth, fun, happiness, warning, friendship, caution, slow, intelligence, cowardice, love, Mardi Gras, summer, Easter, autumn, electricity, liberalism/libertarianism, hope, optimism
About these coordinatesAbout these coordinates
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet #FFFF00
sRGBB (r, g, b) (255, 255, 0)
Source HTML/CSS[1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Yellow is the color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M (long and medium wavelength) cone cells of the retina about equally, with no significant stimulation of the S (short-wavelength) cone cells.[2] Light with a wavelength of 570–580 nm is yellow, as is light with a suitable mixture of somewhat longer and shorter wavelengths. Yellow's traditional RYB complementary color is purple, violet, or indigo, while its colorimetrically defined complementary color in both RGB and CMYK color spaces is blue.

Contents

Etymology and definitions

The word yellow comes from the Old English geolu, or geolwe which derived from the Proto-Germanic word gelwaz.[3] The oldest known use of this word in English is in the Old English poem Beowulf, in a description of a shield made of wood from a yew tree.[4]

In the English language, yellow has traditionally been associated with jaundice and cowardice.[5] Yellow is associated with the word "caution" and is the second light on stop lights; in American slang, a coward can be said to be "yellowbellied" or "yellow".[6] The color is associated with aging as well, for both people and objects (e.g. "yellowed" paper). Ethnographically, the term "yellow" has been used as a slang term for both Oriental persons ("yellow peril") and, in the early 20th century, light-skinned African-Americans (High yellow).

"Yellow" ("giallo"), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began in about 1930, when the first series of crime novels published in Italy had yellow covers. The term "yellow movie" (黃色電影) can refer to films of pornographic nature in Chinese culture, and is analogous to the English "blue movie".[7] Lastly, it is associated with sensational journalistic practices, or yellow journalism, and resistance to militant trade unions.[4]

In science

Colorimetry

Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480 nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the "Planckian locus".

Hunt defines that "two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli."[8] That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are complementary. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists Grassmann and Helmholtz did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call violet. Helmholtz says "Yellow and indigo blue" are complements.[9] Grassman reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says "This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie."[10] Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450 nm, are derivable from the modern CIE 1931 system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580 nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 K or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.

Astronomy

Stars of spectral classes F and G, such as our sun Sol, have color temperatures that make them look "yellowish".[11] The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color was F. G. W. Struve in 1827. One of his classifications was flavae, or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0.[12] The Strömgren photometric system for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550 nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30 nm.[13][14]

Biology

Pigments

Birds

Yellow-breasted Chat
  • Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens) are large foraging songbird found in southern parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Central America. They are olive with a white bellies and a yellow throat and breast, with a long tail, a thick heavy bill, a large white eye ring, and dark legs.
Yellowhammer
  • The Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) is a passerine in the bunting family Emberizidae. It breeds across Europe and much of Asia. Most yellowhammers are resident, but some far northern birds migrate south in winter. It is common in all sorts of open areas with some scrub or trees. They are large with a thick seed-eater's bill. The males have a bright yellow head, yellow underparts, and a heavily streaked brown back. Females are much duller and more streaked below.
  • The Yellow-shafted Flicker (Colaptes auratus) is a large woodpecker species of eastern North America. They have yellow shafts on their wing and tail feathers.

Fish

  • Yellowtail is the common name for dozens of different fish species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
  • Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a species of tuna, having bright yellow anal and second dorsal fins. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to 200 kg (440 lb), it is caught as a replacement for the depleted stocks of bluefin tuna.

Insects

  • Yellowjackets are black-and-yellow wasps of the genus Vespula or Dolichovespula (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a bee), and entirely black antennae.

Trees

Other plants

Algae

Electric yellow vs. process yellow

Yellow
About these coordinatesAbout these coordinates
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet #FFFF00
sRGBB (r, g, b) (255, 255, 0)
HSV (h, s, v) (60°, 100%, 100%)
Source HTML/CSS[1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color box at right shows the most intense yellow representable in 8-bit RGB color model; yellow is a secondary color in an additive RGB space.

The measured light spectrum from yellow pixels on a typical computer display is complex, and very unlike the reflectance spectrum of a yellow object such as a banana.[18]

Process yellow (subtractive primary, sRGB approximation)
About these coordinatesAbout these coordinates
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet #FFEF00
RGBB (r, g, b) (255, 239, 0)
HSV (h, s, v) (56°, 100%, 100%)
Source [1] CMYK
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Process yellow (also known as pigment yellow, printer's yellow or canary yellow) is one of the three colors typically used as subtractive primary colors, along with magenta and cyan. The CMYK system for color printing is based on using four inks, one of which is a yellow color. This is in itself a standard color, and a fairly narrow range of yellow inks or pigments are used. Process yellow is based on a colorant that reflects the preponderance of red and green light, and absorbs most blue light, as in the reflectance spectra shown in the figure on the lower right.

Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different color wheels, painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet.

Process yellow is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.

Lasers

Lasers emitting in the yellow part of the spectrum are much less common than most other colors.[19] They are also much more expensive than comparable lasers because the difference in energy levels between the metastable and the ground state required for laser action is difficult to create for yellow photons. In commercial products diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (wavelengths of 064 nm and 1342 nm) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams; in this case corresponding to the required wavelength of 593.5 nm (yellow).[20]

Minerals and chemistry

Structure of Titan Yellow

Pigments

Reflectance spectra of yellow pigments, as a percentage of white (Abney 1891)
  • Yellow ochre (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),[25] hydrated ferric oxide (Fe2O3.H2O), is a naturally occurring pigment found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.[26]
  • Indian yellow is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.[27] It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
  • Naples Yellow (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral bindheimite and used extensively up to the 20th century.[28] It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
  • Cadmium Yellow (cadmium sulfide, CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.[29] Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by azo pigments.
  • Chrome Yellow (lead chromate, PbCrO4), derived from the mineral crocoite, was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.[30]
  • Titanium Yellow (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, NiO.Sb2O5.20TiO2) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the LBNL paint code "Y10".[31]
  • Gamboge is an orange-brown resin, derived from trees of the genus Garcinia, which becomes yellow when powdered.[32] It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century - the name "gamboge" is derived from "Cambodia" - and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.[33]
  • Orpiment, also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is arsenic trisulfide (As2S3) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.[34]

In human culture

Cultural associations

Maya glyph for "yellow"
  • The ancient Maya associated the color yellow with the direction South.[35] The Maya glyph for "yellow" (k'an) also means "precious" or "ripe".[36]
  • The word yellow can be used as an adjective for the word cowardly.

Cancer

  • A phenomenon started by Krisanna Roberts, a 15 year old patient at

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, to describe her very best, pain-free days during her treatment. For eleven years Krisanna Roberts battled an aggressive brain tumor called an Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor. She was St. Jude’s longest surviving AT/RT patient when she passed away November 4, 2009. The tumor first presented in the brain and returned twice following the initial occurrence and treatment. The fourth occurrence was the first time the tumor presented in the spine. Sadly, scans revealed that the tumor returned with a vengeance and covered her brain. Krisanna, the always smiling, beautiful blue eyed, blonde haired young lady inspired many by her will to live many "bright, sunshiny Yellow" days, and celebrated them even from a hospital bed. A surge of Yellow participation of apparel and accessories quickly spread throughout Mobile, AL and other communities where Krisanna's friends and family live!

campaign has also been associated with the color yellow.

History

Journalism

The Yellow Kid

Music

Yellow Submarine model at Liverpool Airport in November 2007

Politics

Sports

The left field yellow foul pole in New York's Yankee Stadium with the right field foul pole in the distance.
Folland Gnat T.Mk1 during a display at Kemble Air Day, England, in 2008. This aircraft is painted in the yellow color of a former RAF display team - the Yellowjacks.

Transportation

  • In some countries, taxicabs are commonly yellow. This practice began in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur John D. Hertz painted his taxis yellow based on a University of Chicago study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.[37]
  • In Canada and the United States, school buses are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as "school bus yellow") for purposes of visibility and safety,[38] and British bus operators such as FirstGroup plc are attempting to introduce the concept there.[39]
  • "Caterpillar yellow" and "high-visibility yellow" are used for highway construction equipment.[40]
  • In the rules of the road, yellow (called "amber" in Britain) is a traffic light signal warning that the period in which passage is permitted is coming to an end.[41] It is intermediate between green (go) and red (stop). In railway signaling, yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant signals.[42]
  • Yellow warning signs, especially with black wording, borders, or alternating stripes, are used in many countries around the world to indicate caution, both as road signs and for other uses such as "caution, slippery floor".
  • Several light rail and rapid transit lines on various public transportation have a Yellow Line.

Vexillology

See also

References

  1. ^ a b W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords
  2. ^ James W. Kalat (2005). Introduction to Psychology. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 105. ISBN 053462460X. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0534624626&id=AHBnar7sEIIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&ots=m3Lzw8xCgQ&dq=yellow-light+long+medium+short+cones&sig=13IGJmaW6EZQPq3yadyxP5ds_QY. 
  3. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
  4. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary
  5. ^ Hodgson, Charles (2007). Carnal Knowledge. Macmillan. pp. 133. ISBN 0312371217. 
  6. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company (2004). The American heritage college thesaurus. Oxford University Press. pp. 180. ISBN 0618402195. 
  7. ^ Hewitt, Duncan. "Chinese porn trader jailed for life". BBC News. 
  8. ^ J. W. G. Hunt (1980). Measuring Color. Ellis Horwood Ltd. ISBN 0-7458-0125-0. 
  9. ^ Hermann von Helmholtz (1924). Physiological Optics. Dover. 
  10. ^ Hermann Günter Grassman (1854). "Theory of Compound Colors". Philosophical Magazine Vol. 4: 254–264. 
  11. ^ Ron Miller (2005). Stars and Galaxies. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 22. ISBN 9780761334668. http://books.google.com/books?id=QL9uAfad1ggC&pg=PA22&dq=spectral-class+yellow&ei=q4neSa_EBIyokASrm-2rDg. 
  12. ^ Murdin, Paul (1984). Colours of the stars. CUP Archive. p. 18. ISBN 052125714X. 
  13. ^ Strömgren, Bengt. "Main Sequence Stars, Problems of Internal Constitution and Kinematics (George Darwin Lecture)". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 8: 8–37. Bibcode1963QJRAS...4....8S. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963QJRAS...4....8S. Retrieved 2009-04-21. 
  14. ^ Norton, Andrew; Cooper, W. Alan Cooper (2004). Observing the universe: a guide to observational astronomy and planetary science. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0521603935. 
  15. ^ Kisimoto,Ryoiti (1968) Yellow Pan Water Trap for Sampling the Small Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (FALLEN), a Vector of the Rice Stripe Virus. Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology 3(1):37-48
  16. ^ Webb, S. E., M. L. Kok-Yokomi, and D. J. Voegtlin (1994) Effect of Trap Color on Species Composition of Alate Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) Caught over Watermelon Plants Florida Entomologist 77(1):146-153 PDF
  17. ^ River Birch Trees | Fall Foliage | White Birches
  18. ^ Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527405038. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=3527405038&id=1oDOWr_yueIC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&ots=Jrfi5sRwoo&dq=%22measured+spectrum+of+computer+display+yellow+pixels%22&sig=vtsTKGy_bYEuMOhmf23ysJJxuvQ. 
  19. ^ "Laserglow - Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers". Laserglow.com. http://www.laserglow.com/index.php?portable. Retrieved 2009-03-27.  - described as "Very rare yellow laser colour".
  20. ^ Johnson, Craig (22 March 2009). "Yellow (593.5nm) DPSS Laser Module". The LED Museum. http://ledmuseum.candlepower.us/yelldpss.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-27. 
  21. ^ "Titan Yellow". Nile Chemicals. 26 July 2008. http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
  22. ^ Heaton, FW (July 1960). "Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods". Journal of Clinical Pathology 13: 358–60. doi:10.1136/jcp.13.4.358. PMID 14400446. PMC 480095. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14400446. 
  23. ^ "para-Dimethylaminobenzene". IARC - Summaries & Evaluations (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 8: 125. 1975. http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
  24. ^ "Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain". GMP ChemTech Private Limited. 2003. http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
  25. ^ "Health & Safety in the Arts". City of Tucson. http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
  26. ^ "Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre". WebExhibits. http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
  27. ^ Harley, Rosamond Drusilla (2001). Artists' Pigments c1600-1835 (2 ed.). London: Archetype Publications. p. 117. ISBN 1-873132-91-3. OCLC 47823825. http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-30. 
  28. ^ "Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow". WebExhibits. http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html. Retrieved 2009-03-30. 
  29. ^ "Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow". WebExhibits. http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05. 
  30. ^ "Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow". WebExhibits. http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05. 
  31. ^ "LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii)". Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. 14 February 2005. http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05. 
  32. ^ "gamboge (gum resin)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge. Retrieved 2009-04-07. 
  33. ^ "Gamboge". Sewanee: The University of the South. 16 July 2002. http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge. Retrieved 2009-04-07. 
  34. ^ Field, George (1869). Salter, Thomas. ed. Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists. London: Winsor and Newton. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915. 
  35. ^ Rjabchikov, Sergei V (31 December 2006). "Several Remarks on the Maya Script". The AnthroGlobe Journal. http://www.anthroglobe.info/docs/rjabchikovs_mayascript_061231.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
  36. ^ Kettunen, Harri; Helmke, Christophe (5 December 2005). Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (Workshop Handbook 10th European Maya Conference). Leiden: Wayeb & Leiden University. pp. 75. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2688831/Introduction-to-Maya-Hieroglyphs. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
  37. ^ "History of the Main Taxi Groups". Taxi Register. http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php. Retrieved 2009-04-04. 
  38. ^ "Frank W. Cyr, 95, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus'". Columbia University Record (Columbia University) 21 (1). September 8, 1995. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss1/record2101.36.html. Retrieved April 4, 2009. 
  39. ^ "Review backs yellow school buses". BBC. 12 September 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610933.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-04. 
  40. ^ Caterpillar Global Mining (Caterpillar): 4. Maximizing Mining Safety. http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1042221/7/final.pdf. 
  41. ^ Robert Dinwiddle, ed (August 2001). Science Year by Year. Popular Science. Scholastic Corporation. pp. 45. ISBN 0-493-28438-4. 
  42. ^ Bej, Mark (April 16, 1994). "Learning the ["typical" US] Aspects". http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html. Retrieved 2009-04-04. 
  43. ^ a b Flag and Etiquette Committee (June 12, 2006). "Pratique". Flag Etiquette. United States Power Squadrons. http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html. Retrieved 2009-04-04. 

Translations: Yellow
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Dansk (Danish)
adj. - gul, fej, sensationspræget
n. - gult, æggeblomme
v. tr. - gulne, blive gul
v. intr. - gulne, blive gul

idioms:

  • yellow card    gult kort
  • yellow fever    gul feber
  • yellow flag    karantæneflag
  • yellow jack    karantæneflag, gul feber
  • yellow line    gule striber; ved parkeringsforbud ved kantsten
  • yellow metal    guld, Muntz-metal
  • Yellow Pages    Gule Sider, fagbog
  • yellow peril    gul fare
  • yellow spot    gul plet
  • yellow streak    tilbøjelighed til illoyal eller kujonagtig opførsel

Nederlands (Dutch)
geel, laf, met een gele huid, jaloers, argwanend, gewetenloos sensationeel (media), gele kleur(stof), eigeel, gele vlinder, iemand met gele huidskleur, geelzucht, bepaalde plantenziekte, geel worden/maken

Français (French)
adj. - jaune, trouillard
n. - jaune
v. tr. - jaunir
v. intr. - jaunir

idioms:

  • yellow card    (Sport) carton jaune
  • yellow fever    (Méd) fièvre jaune
  • yellow flag    (Naut) pavillon de quarantaine
  • yellow jack    (Naut) pavillon de quarantaine
  • yellow line    (GB, Aut) ligne jaune
  • yellow metal    cuivre jaune, métal jaune
  • Yellow Pages    Pages Jaunes
  • yellow peril    (fig) péril jaune
  • yellow spot    (Anat) tache jaune
  • yellow streak    (fig) côté lâche ou froussard

Deutsch (German)
n. - Gelb
adj. - gelb, feige, neidisch, misstrauisch, sensationslüstern, gelb (Journalismus)
v. - gelb färben, gelb werden

idioms:

  • yellow card    gelbe Karte
  • yellow fever    Gelbfieber
  • yellow flag    Quarantäneflagge
  • yellow jack    Gelbfieber, Quarantäneflagge
  • yellow line    gelbe (Markierungs)linie
  • yellow metal    Muntzmetall
  • Yellow Pages    die Gelben Seiten, Branchenverzeichnis
  • yellow peril    Gelbe Gefahr (Bedrohung der weißen Rasse durch die gelbe)
  • yellow spot    gelber Fleck (im Auge)
  • yellow streak    (Charakter)zug von Feigheit

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - κίτρινο (χρώμα), κιτρινάδι, κρόκος
adj. - κίτρινος, δειλός

idioms:

  • yellow card    κίτρινη κάρτα (ποινής)
  • yellow fever    κίτρινος πυρετός
  • yellow flag    (ναυτική) σημαία καραντίνας
  • yellow jack    (ναυτική) σημαία καραντίνας
  • yellow line    κίτρινη γραμμή
  • yellow metal    κράμα χαλκού (60%) και ψευδάργυρου (40%)
  • Yellow Pages    Χρυσός Οδηγός
  • yellow peril    κίτρινος κίνδυνος
  • yellow spot    (ανατ.) ωχρά κηλίδα
  • yellow streak    δειλία

Italiano (Italian)
giallo, codardo

idioms:

  • yellow card    ammonizione
  • yellow fever    febbre gialla
  • yellow flag    bandiera gialla
  • yellow jack    febbre gialla, banderuola di quarantina
  • yellow line    linea gialla
  • yellow metal    ottone, oro
  • Yellow Pages    pagine gialle
  • yellow peril    pericolo giallo
  • yellow spot    fuoco retinale
  • yellow streak    viltý

Português (Portuguese)
n. - amarelo (m)
adj. - amarelo

idioms:

  • yellow card    cartão amarelo
  • yellow fever    febre amarela
  • yellow flag    bandeira amarela
  • yellow jack    febre amarela, bandeira amarela
  • yellow line    linha amarela
  • yellow metal    metal Munts, ouro
  • Yellow Pages    Páginas Amarelas
  • yellow peril    expansão amarela (oriental)
  • yellow spot    mácula da retina
  • yellow streak    covardia (f)

Русский (Russian)
желтый, подлый, бульварный, светлокожий, желтый цвет, желтая краска, желтая газета, трусость, желтеть

idioms:

  • yellow card    желтая карточка
  • yellow fever    желтая лихорадка
  • yellow flag    желтый (карантинный) флаг, желтый касатик
  • yellow jack    желтая лихорадка
  • yellow line    желтая линия на дорожной разметке
  • yellow metal    золото, латунь
  • Yellow Pages    "Желтые страницы" (телефонный справочник)
  • yellow peril    угроза, исходящая от желтой расы, желтая раса
  • yellow spot    желтое пятно сетчатки
  • yellow streak    трусоватость

Español (Spanish)
adj. - amarillo, de color avellana, gallina, cagueta, cobarde, sensacionalista, celoso, envidioso
n. - amarillo, rubio
v. tr. - poner amarillo
v. intr. - amarillecer

idioms:

  • yellow card    en fútbol, la tarjeta amarilla de advertencia
  • yellow fever    fiebre amarilla
  • yellow flag    bandera amarilla (insignia de cuarentena), especie de lirio
  • yellow jack    fiebre amarilla, jurel (pez), bandera amarilla (insignia de cuarentena)
  • yellow line    línea amarilla de estacionamiento limitado
  • yellow metal    latón (60% cobre y 40% cinc)
  • Yellow Pages    páginas amarillas
  • yellow peril    peligro amarillo (supuestamente representado por los pueblos del Lejano Oriente)
  • yellow spot    mancha amarilla (de la retina)
  • yellow streak    rasgo de cobardía

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - gult, gul färg, äggula, guling (mongol)
adj. - gul, feg, skraj (vard.)

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
黄色的, 黄色, 使发黄, 使变黄, 发黄, 变黄

idioms:

  • yellow card    表示警告的黄卡, 黄牌
  • yellow fever    黄热病
  • yellow flag    检疫旗, 黄旗
  • yellow jack    黄热病, 黄旗
  • yellow line    黄线, 黄色标线
  • yellow metal    金, 黄铜
  • Yellow Pages    黄页电话簿, 因特网上注册的用户名, 密码
  • yellow peril    黄祸, 黄种人的发展对世界所形成的影响
  • yellow spot    黄斑
  • yellow streak    胆怯

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 黃色的
n. - 黃色
v. tr. - 使發黃, 使變黃
v. intr. - 發黃, 變黃

idioms:

  • yellow card    表示警告的黃卡, 黃牌
  • yellow fever    黃熱病
  • yellow flag    檢疫旗, 黃旗
  • yellow jack    黃熱病, 黃旗
  • yellow line    黃線, 黃色標線
  • yellow metal    金, 黃銅
  • Yellow Pages    黃頁電話簿, 網際網路上註冊的用戶名, 密碼
  • yellow peril    黃禍, 黃種人的發展對世界所形成的影響
  • yellow spot    黃斑
  • yellow streak    膽怯

한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 황색의, 누래진, 노란
n. - 노랑, 노란 물감, 노란색 안료
v. tr. - 노랗게 하다, 노랗게 물들이다
v. intr. - 노랗게 되다, 노란 빛이 돌다

idioms:

  • yellow Sea    황해

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 黄色, 黄色い絵の具, 黄身
adj. - 黄色い, 皮膚の黄色い, 黄色人種の, 扇情的な, 黄色の, 臆病な, 卑怯な
v. - 黄色にする

idioms:

  • yellow card    イエローカード
  • yellow fever    黄熱病
  • yellow flag    キショウブ, 黄色旗, 黄旗
  • yellow jack    黄色旗, シマアジ
  • yellow line    黄色の線
  • yellow metal    マンツメタル, 金
  • Yellow Pages    職業別の部, 業種別企業案内
  • yellow peril    黄禍, 黄色人種
  • yellow spot    黄斑
  • yellow streak    臆病, 臆病な性格

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) اصفر, لون اصفر (صفه) اصفر‏

עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - ‮צהוב, קנאי‬
n. - ‮מוג-לב, פחדן, צהובון (עיתון), כרטיס צהוב (בכדורגל)‬
v. tr. - ‮עשה לצהוב‬
v. intr. - ‮הצהיב‬


 
 
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