Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (Евгений Максимович Примаков, born October 29, 1929) is a Russian politician and diplomat. During his long career, he served as the Russian Foreign Minister, Prime Minister of Russia, the last Speaker of the Soviet of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, and chief of intelligence service[1]. Primakov is an academician and a member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Early life
Primakov was born in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, and grew up in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR. Primakov's descent and early childhood is obscure, no reliable information is known about his father (who was possibly repressed) and there were speculations in the media that Primakov was an adopted child. He was educated at Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, graduating in 1953 and did postgraduate work at Moscow State University. From 1956 to 1970, he worked as a journalist for Soviet radio and a Middle Eastern correspondent for Pravda newspaper. During this time, he was sent frequently on intelligence missions to the Middle East and the United States as a KGB co-optee under codename MAKSIM[2][3].
Early political career
As the Senior Researcher of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Primakov entered in 1962 the scientific society. From 30 December 1970 to 1977, he served as Deputy Director of Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1977 to 1985 he was Director of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During this time he was also First Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Peace Committee, a KGB foreign propaganda front organization.[4] In 1985 he returned to theInstitute of World Economy and International Relations, serving as Director until 1989.
Primakov became involved in politics in 1989, as the Chairman of the Soviet of the Union, one of two houses of the Soviet parliament. From 1990 until 1991 he was a member of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's Presidential Council. He served as Gorbachev's special envoy to Iraq in the run-up to the Gulf War, in which capacity he held talks with President Saddam Hussein. After the failed August 1991 putsch attempt, Primakov was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the KGB. After the formation of the Russian Federation, Primakov was appointed Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service SVR, serving in that position from 1991 until 1996.
Foreign minister
Primakov served as foreign minister from January 1996 until September 1998 . As foreign minister, he gained respect at home and reputation of a stubborn hardliner abroad[5] as a tough but pragmatic supporter of Russia's interests, and an opponent of NATO's expansion into the former Eastern bloc, though on May 27, 1997, after 5 months of negotiation with NATO Secretary general Javier Solana, Russia signed the Foundation Act, which is seen as marking the end of cold war hostilities.
He was also famously an advocate of Multilateralism as an alternative to US global hegemony following the collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War. Primakov called for a Russian foreign policy based on low-cost mediation while expanding influence towards the Middle East and the former Soviet republics. This policy, known as the "Primakov doctrine", has ultimately failed[6]. Another view is that though Primakov rhetoric was Anti-Western, he actually complied with the Western wishes.[7]. Primakov has promoted Russia, China, and India as a "strategic triangle" to counterbalance the United States. The move was interpreted by some observers as an agreement to fight together against 'color revolutions' in Central Asia[8] Samuel Huntington calls this an antihegemonic coalition in an essay entitled 'The Lonely Superpower'.
Prime minister
After Yeltsin's bid to reinstate Viktor Chernomyrdin as Russian prime minister was blocked by the Duma in September 1998, the President turned to Primakov as a compromise figure whom he rightly judged would be accepted by the parliament's majority. As prime minister, Primakov was given credit for forcing some very difficult reforms in Russia, most of them, such as the tax reform, became major success. While his opposition to the US Unilateralism was popular among Russians, it also led to a disastrous breach with the West during NATO's campaign in Kosovo, which ultimately left Russia alone in subsequent developments in the former Yugoslavia.
Analysts ascribed Yeltsin's May 12, 1999 firing of Primakov as a reaction to his fear of losing power to a more successful and popular person. Primakov also refused to dismiss Communist ministers as the Communist Party of the Russian Federation was leading the process of preparing unsuccessful impeachment proceedings against the president. However, Yeltsin resigned at the end of the year and was succeeded by the prime minister of that time, Vladimir Putin.
On 1999-03-24, Primakov was heading to Washington for an official visit. Flying over the Atlantic Ocean, he learned that NATO started to bomb Yugoslavia. Primakov decided to cancel the visit, ordered the plane to turn around over the ocean and returned to Moscow - it was called Primakov's loop.[9]
Deputy and special representative
Before Yeltsin’s resignation, Primakov supported the Fatherland – All Russia electoral faction, which at that time was the major opponent of the pro-Putin Unity) and launched his presidential bid. Initially considered the man to beat, Primakov was rapidly overtaken by the factions loyal to Vladimir Putin in the Duma elections in December 1999. Primakov officially abandoned the presidential race in his TV address on February 4, 2000 [2] less than two months before the March 26 presidential elections. Soon he became an adviser to Putin and a political ally. On December 14, 2001, Primakov became President of the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
In February and March 2003, he visited Iraq and talked with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, as a special representative of President Vladimir Putin. He brought to Baghdad a message from Putin to call for Saddam to resign voluntarily.[10] He tried to prevent the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, a move which received some support from several nations opposed to the war. Primakov suggested that Saddam must hand over all Iraq's weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations, among other things.[11] "Saddam tapped me on the shoulder and went out of the room", Primakov recalled.[11] Saddam showed strong confidence that nothing terrible will happen with him personally. In Primakov's opinion, this confidence was the result of Iraqi secret relationship with U.S., and the rapid execution of Saddam did not allow him to "say the last word" to uncover the whole game. "And if he had said all this, I assure you, it was very uncomfortable to sit in the President chair for the current President of the United States", Primakov assured.[10]
In November 2004, Primakov testified in defense of the former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević, on trial for war crimes. Earlier, he was the leader of a Russian delegation that met with Slobodan Milosevic during NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
As of December 2007, Primakov is President of the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. On December 11, 2007, he said at a meeting with Putin that the course followed by Putin should be continued, as Putin prepares to leave the presidency in 2008. He said that there were two threats to this course: one from neo-liberals and the oligarchs, and one from those seeking the merger "of the state apparatus with business" in order to create an "administrative-market society".[12]
Academic life
Primakov is one of the leading Russian Orientalists, a major scientist in the world economy and international relations, particularly in the field of integrated development of Russia's foreign policy issues, study the theory and practice of international conflicts and crises, research of the world civilization process, of global issues, socio-economic and political problems of developing countries. Since 1988, Primakov was the Academician Secretary of the World Economy and International Relations Devision, and the member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. On 2008-05-26, Primakov was elected as a member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[13]
Awards
See also
References
- ^ Ion Mihai Pacepa, A Terrorist State in the G8?, Human Events, December 3, 2007
- ^ Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000), ISBN 0-14-028487-7
- ^ Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-813-34280-5
- ^ MN File, The Moscow News, No. 18 2007
- ^ ["http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989507,00.html"]
- ^ [1]
- ^ [compliant with the policy preferences of the West]
- ^ The Third Among the Equals. Moscow, New Delhi and Beijing are creating counter-revolutionary union Kommersant, June 3, 2005
- ^ Кросс по минному полю. (Russian)
- ^ a b Евгений Примаков: Саддаму не дали последнего слова. (Russian)
- ^ a b Yossef Bodansky The Secret History of the Iraq War. Regan Books, 2005, ISBN 0-060-73680-1
- ^ "Business backs continuity of president's course - Primakov", Itar-Tass, December 11, 2007.
- ^ Евгений Примаков вошел в состав президиума РАН. (Russian)
- ^ В.Путин наградил Е.Примакова орденом Почёта. (Russian)
- ^ Леонид Кучма наградил орденом президента ТПП РФ Евгения Примакова. (Russian)
- ^ О награждении орденом «Данакер» Примакова Е.М. (Russian)
- ^ Евгений Примаков получил из рук Лукашенко орден Дружбы народов. (Russian)
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