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Vladimir Evgenevich Jabotinsky

Vladimir Evgenevich Jabotinsky (1880-1940) led the Revisionist Zionist party. He fought for a Jewish state extending on both sides of the Jordan River.

Vladimir Jabotinsky was born on Oct. 18, 1880, in Odessa, the Jewish cultural center of southern Russia. He received his elementary and secondary education in Russian schools and showed special gifts in languages and literature. He learned Russian, English, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Polish, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Yiddish. He started his literary career at the age of 18 as a foreign correspondent of Odessky Listok in Bern and Rome. In 1901 he returned to Russia and, after the 1903 pogrom in Kishinev, became an active member of the Zionist movement. Under his influence Jewish defense groups started to organize in Russia to avoid repetition of the earlier pogroms. In 1904 he was a delegate to the Sixth Zionist Congress, and in 1906 he was active in the conference of Russian Jewry at Helsinki. In 1909 he represented the Executive of the World Zionist Organization in Constantinople to establish contact with a new Turkish regime. With his mission completed in 1910, he returned to Russia and devoted himself to the fight against assimilation and for Hebrew as the language of instruction in Jewish schools.

When World War I started, Jabotinsky was in western Europe as a correspondent of Russkiya Vyedomosti. In opposition to the official Zionist leaders, who remained neutral, he insisted on active Jewish participation in the Allied conquest of Palestine. As a result of his agitation, the first Jewish military unit, the Zion Mule Corps, was accepted by the British and sent to the Gallipoli front. In 1917 Jabotinsky succeeded in forming three Jewish battalions, which were sent to Palestine and participated, as the Jewish Legion, in the conquest of Palestine.

With the establishment of the British administration in Palestine, in 1920 Jabotinsky directed underground Jewish activity against Arab rioters. He was sentenced by the British authorities to 15 years at hard labor; the sentence was commuted to a year, however, and he was banished from Palestine. In 1921 Jabotinsky joined the Executive of the World Zionist Organization. In opposition to Chaim Weizmann, Jabotinsky demanded a militant Jewish stand against the British policy in Palestine and the Churchill White Paper. He resigned in 1923 from the Executive and devoted himself entirely to the organization of the Union of the Revisionist Zionists, whose goal was transformation of Palestine, by unlimited immigration, into a Jewish state. Becoming convinced that the Executive was destroying Zionism, he later left the World Zionist Organization; the majority of the Revisionists followed him and organized the New Zionist Organization in 1935. He settled in London, where he fought against the partition plan of the Peel Commission of Palestine, against compromise with the mandatory authorities, and against the policy of self-restraint of the Haganah in the face of growing Arab violence.

At the beginning of World War II, Jabotinsky went to the United States, where he was active on behalf of the Jewish communities under Hitler. He died suddenly on Aug. 3, 1940. He was buried in New York but, according to his wishes, his body was later buried in Israel.

In addition to being a statesman, Jabotinsky was also a linguist, orator, editor, and journalist. He wrote several books, among them War and the Jew, in which he claimed that the only solution for the Jewish problem is the liquidation of the Jewish communities outside Palestine and mass immigration to Palestine.

Further Reading

A full-length study of Jabotinsky is Joseph B. Schechtman, The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story (2 vols., 1956-1961).

Additional Sources

Katz, Shmuel, Lone wolf: a biography of Vladimir Jabotinsky, New York: Barricade Books, 1995.

Nedava, Joseph, Vladimir Jabotinsky, the man and his struggles, Tel Aviv: Jabotinsky Institute of Israel, 1986.

Schechtman, Joseph B., The life and times of Vladimar Jabotinsky, Silver Spring, MD: Eshel Books, 1986.

 
 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Vladimir Jabotinsky

(born 1880, Odessa, Russian Empire — died Aug. 3, 1940, near Hunter, N.Y., U.S.) Russian Zionist leader and founder of the Zionist Revisionist movement. He became a popular journalist and editorialist and by 1903 was expounding Zionism. In 1920 he organized and led Hagana, a Jewish militia. A Revisionist Zionist, he passionately advocated a Jewish state in an area both west and east of the Jordan River. See also Irgun Zvai Leumi.

For more information on Vladimir Jabotinsky, visit Britannica.com.

 
Columbia Encyclopedia: Jabotinsky, Vladimir
(yăb'ətĭn'skē) , 1880–1940, Jewish Zionist leader, b. Russia. A fiery orator and an accomplished writer in several languages, he was a militant Zionist and a persistent advocate of Jewish self-defense against pogroms in Russia. He formed the first Jewish self-defense unit in Palestine during the clashes with the Arabs in 1920; this brought him into open conflict with the British. He strongly condemned the official policy of the Zionist organization, charging it with weakness and appeasement of the British in Palestine. In 1925 he founded the Zionist Revisionist organization, which advocated large-scale Jewish immigration into Palestine and the creation of a Jewish state on both sides of the Jordan River. At the beginning of World War II he worked for the creation of a Jewish army. He was the author of several books, including The Story of the Jewish Legion (tr. 1945).

Bibliography

See biography by J. B. Schechtman (2 vol., 1956–61).

 
Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia: Vladimir Zeʾev Jabotinsky

1880 - 1940

Founder and leader of Zionism's Revisionist movement.

Vladimir Zeʾev Jabotinsky was a man whose talents, charismatic personality, and Revisionist movement attracted a large and passionate following and polarized Zionism. Born in Odessa on 18 October 1880, he studied law in Switzerland and Italy. He became a journalist at a young age, serving as a correspondent for Russian dailies writing under the pseudonym "Altalena." He was a prolific writer and essayist in several languages. He wrote the historical novel Samson the Nazarite (1926) as well as numerous short stories, poems, songs, plays, and political and
autobiographical tracts. He translated Hebrew poetry into Russian and translated Dante Alighieri's Inferno into Hebrew, and he was the author of Hebrew dictionaries and textbooks. He continued his literary work even as he became a major political leader.

Following the Kishinev pogroms of 1903, Jabotinsky became a leading figure in Russian Zionism and a strong advocate of Jewish self-defense. With the onset of World War I, he sided with Britain and lobbied for the creation of a Jewish Legion within the British Army. He saw the Legion as a means for furthering the Zionist cause by linking it to British aspirations in the Middle East. The creation of the Legion was announced in 1917, and in 1918, Lieutenant Jabotinsky entered Jerusalem with his Legionnaires as part of General Edmund Allenby's army. To his dismay, Britain disbanded the Jewish Legion at war's end. Jabotinsky helped lead the Yishuv's resistance to Arab rioters in Jerusalem in April 1920, and following the riots he was arrested by the British and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. After intense lobbying by the Zionist leadership, High Commissioner Herbert Samuel granted amnesty, and upon Jabotinsky's release from jail he received a hero's welcome in the Yishuv.

From 1921 to 1923, Jabotinsky served as an increasingly controversial member of the Zionist Executive. He publicly criticized official Zionist policy for being overly moderate in pursuit of Zionist goals. In January 1923, he resigned from the Executive. From this point onward he would be a polarizing figure, adored by his followers and despised by his detractors. Jabotinsky had long demanded that the World Zionist Organization (WZO) openly declare the final aim of Zionism to be the establishment of a Jewish state with a Jewish majority on both sides of the Jordan River, to be facilitated by massive, unlimited immigration. According to Jabotinsky, Zionism should return to the grand political vision of Theodor Herzl and reject the incremental Zionism embraced by Chaim Weizmann and the socialism of the Labor movement. He also wanted the Mandate to be "revised" to its original, pre-1922 status that included Transjordan as part of Palestine. These demands became the platform of Revisionist Zionism.

The Revisionist movement was composed of three main organizations, all headed - at least symbolically - by Jabotinsky: a political party, a youth movement, and an underground military organization. Jabotinsky founded the party, the Union of Zionist Revisionists (ha-Histadrut ha-Zionit ha-Revisionistit, or ha-Zohar), on 25 April 1925 in Paris. He led the party until his death. Betar (Brit Trumpeldor) was Jabotinsky's youth movement. It began its activities in Riga in 1923. Betar's primary emphasis was on formal military training and discipline. Jabotinsky defined Betar's values and structure to the smallest details, wrote its charter and anthem, designed its brown-shirt uniform, and served as its spiritual and organizational leader. Many Betarim, including Menachem Begin, eventually made their way into the Irgun Zvaʾi Leʾumi, the militant underground founded in 1937 and inspired by Jabotinsky's ideas and positions. Although Jabotinsky was technically its "supreme commander," he was able to exert only limited control over the Irgun from its inception.

Jabotinsky believed that the Arabs would never accept the Zionist project, and he proposed that an "iron wall" be constructed to drive home to them the inevitability of the Jewish state. The British accused the Revisionists of provoking the Arab riots of 1929, and Jabotinsky was barred from reentering Palestine. From 1929 until his death in 1940, he would never again set foot in the country, a fact that greatly hindered the success of his movement in the Yishuv. But despite his strong criticism of British anti-Zionist policies, Jabotinsky maintained a pro-British orientation. He believed that Zionist goals meshed with Britain's own interests and that once the British were convinced of this they would live up to the promises of the Balfour Declaration and the Mandate.

Jabotinsky tried but failed to get the WZO to adopt the Revisionist program at the biannual Zionist Congresses. He denounced Labor's call for class struggle and argued that Zionism should focus on the needs of the Jewish nation in its entirety, and everything else, including class and the individual, should be subordinated to the nation. His rhetoric was often similar to Benito Mussolini's and his followers were denounced by Laborites as "Jewish fascists." The animosity between Revisionists and Labor Zionists occasionally led to physical clashes, and in October 1934, Jabotinsky and David BenGurion met in London to discuss a rapprochement. The resulting accords were angrily rejected in a Labor referendum in March 1935. In April, Jabotinsky and his party withdrew from the WZO and founded the New Zionist Organization (NZO). Following this act, support for Revisionism declined within the broader Zionist movement.

Jabotinsky died on 4 August 1940 while visiting a Betar camp in New York. Many of his positions that were rejected as "extremist" during the 1920s and 1930s became part of mainstream Zionism by the 1940s, including the open demand for a Jewish state with a Jewish majority and unlimited immigration. Jabotinsky was the intellectual and political father of the Zionist right. Begin called himself "Jabotinsky's disciple," although the two men openly disagreed on tactics. Jabotinsky's territorial maximalism and rejection of any partition of Eretz Yisrael can be found in several contemporary Israeli parties and movements.

Bibliography

Cohen, Mitchell. Zion and State: Nation, Class and the Shaping ofModern Israel. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.

Jabotinsky Institute in Israel. "Biography." Available from http://www.jabotinsky.org.

Schechtman, Joseph B. The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, Vol. 1: Rebel and Statesman: The Early Years. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1956.

Schechtman, Joseph B. The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, Vol. 2: Fighter and Prophet: The Last Years. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1961.

Shapiro, Yonathan. The Road to Power: Herut Party in Israel, translated by Ralph Mandel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.

Shavit, Yaacov. Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement,1925 - 1948. Totowa, NJ; London: Frank Cass, 1988.

— PIERRE M. ATLAS

 
Wikipedia: Ze'ev Jabotinsky
Ze'ev Jabotinsky
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Ze'ev Jabotinsky

Ze'ev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky MBE (Hebrew: זאב ז'בוטינסקי, Russian: Зеэв (Владимир Евгеньевич) Жаботинский, 18 October, 1880 – 4 August, 1940) was a Zionist leader, author, orator, soldier, and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa.He also formed Jewish Legion in World War I, as well as founder and leader of the clandestine Jewish militant organization Irgun.

Early life

Born in Odessa, Ukraine, Russian Empire, he was raised in a Jewish middle-class home and educated in Russian schools. While he took Hebrew lessons as a child, Jabotinsky wrote in his autobiography that his upbringing was divorced from Jewish faith and tradition.

Jabotinsky's talents as a journalist became apparent even before he finished high school. His first writings were published in Odessa newspapers when he was 16. Upon graduation he was sent to Bern, Switzerland and later to Italy as a reporter for the Russian press. He wrote under the pseudonym "Altalena" (the Italian word for 'swing'; see also Altalena Affair). While abroad, he also studied law at the University of Rome, but it was only upon his return to Russia that he qualified as an attorney. His dispatches from Italy earned him recognition as one of the brightest young Russian-language journalists: he later edited newspapers in Russian, Yiddish, and Hebrew. He married Anna Markova Gelperin in late 1907. They had one child, Eri.

Zionist activism

After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, Jabotinsky joined the Zionist movement, where he soon became known as a powerful speaker and influential leader. With more pogroms looming on the horizon, Jabotinsky established the Jewish Self-Defense Organization, a Jewish militia, to safeguard Jewish communities throughout Russia. Jabotinsky became the source of great controversy in the Russian Jewish community as a result of these actions. Around this time, he set himself the goal of learning modern Hebrew, and took a Hebrew name - Vladimir became Ze'ev ("wolf"). During the ensuing pogroms, he organized self-defense units in Jewish communities across Russia and fought for the civil rights of the Jewish population as a whole. Jabotinsky was elected as a delegate to the Sixth Zionist Congress. In 1909, he fiercely criticized leading members of the Russian Jewish community for participating in ceremonies marking the centennial of the Russian writer Nikolai Gogol. In view of Gogol's anti-Semitic views, he said, it was unseemly for Russian Jews to take part in these ceremonies; it showed they had no Jewish self-respect.

Zion Mule Corps

Jabotinsky in uniform
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Jabotinsky in uniform

During World War I, he conceived of the idea of establishing a Jewish Legion to fight alongside the British against the Ottomans who then controlled Palestine. Together with Joseph Trumpeldor, he created the Zion Mule Corps, which consisted of several hundred Jewish men, mainly Russians, who had been exiled from Palestine by the Turks and had settled in Egypt. The unit served with distinction in the Battle of Gallipoli. When the Zion Mule Corps was disbanded, Jabotinsky traveled to London, where he continued in his efforts to establish Jewish units to fight in Palestine as part of the British Army. Only in 1917, however, did the government agree to establish three Jewish units. Jabotinsky soldiered in the Jordan Valley in 1918 and was decorated for bravery.[citation needed] One of his main regrets was that the Jewish soldiers could not participate in even more battle engagements because the British tended to restrain them by keeping the Zion Mule Corps in the background.

Role in Nebi Musa riots

Main article: 1920 Palestine riots

After Zeev Jabotinsky was discharged from the British army as an 'indiscreet political speaker,' he led an effort in Palestine to openly train Jewish volunteers in self-defense. The British authorities turned down the request. Nonetheless, some 600 Jews were secretly instructed in the use of small arms.

After the 1920 Palestine riots, at the demand of the Arab leadership, the British searched the offices and apartments of the Zionist leadership, including Weizmann's and Jabotinsky's homes, for arms. At Jabotinsky's house they found 3 rifles, 2 pistols, and 250 rounds of ammunition. Nineteen men were arrested, including Jabotinsky.

A committee of inquiry placed responsibility for the riots on the Zionist Commission, for provoking the Arabs. Jabotinsky was given a 15-year prison term for possession of weapons. The court blamed 'Bolshevism,' claiming that it 'flowed in Zionism's inner heart' and ironically identified the fiercely anti-Socialist Jabotinsky with the Socialist-aligned Poalei Zion ('Zionist Workers') party, which it called 'a definite Bolshevist institution.'[1]

Founder of the Revisionist movement

After the war, Jabotinsky was elected to the first legislative assembly in Palestine, and in 1921, he was elected to the executive council of the World Zionist Organization. He quit the latter group in 1923, however, due to differences of opinion between him and its chairman, Chaim Weizmann, and established the new revisionist party called Alliance of Revisionists-Zionists and its youth movement, Betar (a Hebrew acronym for the "League of Joseph Trumpeldor"). His new party demanded that the Zionist movement recognize as its objective the establishment of a Jewish state along both banks of the Jordan River. His main goal was to establish a modern Jewish state with the help and aid of the British Empire. His philosophy contrasted with the socialist oriented Labor Zionists, in that it focused economic and social policy on the ideal of the Jewish Middle class in Europe. An Anglophile, his ideal for a Jewish state was a variety of nation state based loosely on the British imperial model, whose waning self-confidence he deplored.[2] His support base was mostly located in Poland, and his activities focused on attaining British support to help in the development of the Yishuv. Another area of major support for Jabotinsky was Latvia, when his fiery speeches in Russian made an impression on the largely Russian-speaking Latvian Jewish community.

Exiled by the British

Zeev Jabotinsky during World War I.
Zeev Jabotinsky during World War I.

In 1929, Jabotinsky left Palestine to attend the Sixteenth Zionist Congress. The British authorities did not allow him to return. The movement he established was not a monolithic entity, but contained three separate factions, of which Jabotinsky was the most moderate.

Jabotinsky favored cooperation with the British, while more irredentistically-minded individuals like David Raziel, Abba Ahimeir, and Uri Zvi Greenberg focused on independent action in Mandate Palestine, fighting politically against Labor, the British Authorities, and retaliating against Arab attacks.

David Raziel was commander of the Irgun, while Abba Ahimeir and Uri Zvi Greenberg acted as visionaries for Lehi. (It is the Irgun wing of the Revisionist Party that years later formed Herut and then Likud by absorbing the centrist General Zionist Party. One of Raziel's greatest disciples was Menachem Begin, Raziel's successor as leader of the Irgun and Betar faction and later prime minister of Israel).

During the 1930s, Jabotinsky was deeply concerned with the situation of the Jewish community in Poland. In 1936, Jabotinsky prepared the so-called 'evacuation plan', which called for the evacuation of the entire Jewish population of Poland to Palestine. In 1936, Jabotinsky toured Eastern Europe, meeting with the Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Józef Beck; the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Miklós Horthy, and Prime Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu of Romania to discuss the evacuation plan. The plan gained the approval of all three governments, but caused considerable controversy within Polish Jewry, with almost all opposing it save members of the Revisionist camp, [3]on the grounds that it played into the hands of Polish anti-Semites. In particular, the fact that the 'evacuation plan' had the approval of the Polish government was taken by many Polish Jews as indicating Jabotinsky had gained the endorsement of what they considered to be the wrong people. In addition, controversy was created by the fact that the evacuation of the entire Jewish communities in Poland, Hungary and Romania was to take place over a ten-year period with no element of choice for Jews over whatever they wanted to go to Palestine or not. However, the controversy was rendered moot when the British government vetoed it, and the World Zionist Organization's chairman, Chaim Weizmann, dismissed it. Two years later, in 1938, Jabotinsky stated in a speech that Polish Jews 'were living on the edge of the volcano' and warned that a wave of bloody super-pogroms would be happening in Poland sometime in the near future. Jabotinsky went to warn Jews in Europe that they should emigrate to Palestine as soon as possible.

Jabotinsky was a complex personality, combining cynicism and idealism. He was convinced there was no way for the Jews to regain any part of Palestine without going to war with the Arabs, but he also believed that the Jewish state could be home to Arab citizens. In 1934 he wrote a draft constitution for the Jewish state to be and said:

'Arabs will participate on an equal footing throughout all sectors of the country’s public life….In every cabinet where the prime minister is a Jew, the vice-premiership shall be offered to an Arab and vice versa.'

Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York, on August 4, 1940, while visiting a Jewish self-defense camp run by Betar. A request by B'nai Brith that he be buried in Israel was turned down by Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, who wrote in a letter dated May 7, 1958 to Judge Joseph Lamm of the Tel Aviv District Court, vice-president of B'Nai Brith in Israel, that: "Israel does not need dead Jews, but living Jews, and I see no blessing in multiplying graves in Israel."[4]

In 1964, Levi Eshkol permitted the reinterment of Jabotinsky and his wife in Jerusalem at Mount Herzl Cemetery.

Legacy

Modern Revisionist Zionism

See: Revisionist Zionism

Zeev Jabotinsky's legacy is carried on today by Israel's Herut party (merged with other right wing parties to form the Likud in 1988), Herut – The National Movement (a breakaway from Likud), Magshimey Herut (young adult activist movement) and Betar (youth movement). Jabotinsky's legacy in the United States is carried on by various groups including the Americans for a Safe Israel, and the Jewish Defense Organization.

Commemoration

The Jabotinsky Medal is awarded for distinguished service to the State of Israel, and most Israeli cities have streets named after him.

Works

Books

By Jabotinsky
  • Turkey and the War, London, T.F. Unwin, Ltd. [1917]
  • Samson the Nazarite, London: M. Secker, [1930]
  • The War and The Jew, New York, The Dial Press [c1942]
  • The Story of the Jewish Legion, New York, B. Ackerman, incorporated [c1945]
  • The Battle for Jerusalem. Vladimir Jabotinsky, John Henry Patterson, Josiah Wedgwood, Pierre Van Paassen explains why a Jewish army is indispensable for the survival of a Jewish nation and preservation of world civilization, American Friends of a Jewish Palestine, New York, The Friends, [1941]
  • A Pocker Edition of Several Stories Mostly Reactionary, Tel-Aviv: Reproduced by Jabotinsky Institute in Israel, [1984]. Reprint. Originally published: Paris, [1925]
  • The Five, A Novel of Jewish Life in Turn-of-the-Century Odessa
About Jabotinsky
  • Lone Wolf: a Biography of Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinsky, by Shmuel Katz; New York: Barricade Books, [c1996]
  • The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, by Joseph B Schechtman; New York , T. Yoseloff [c. 1956-1961]
  • Zev Jabotinsky:Militant Fighter for Jews & Israel- Jewish Defense Organization booklet
  • Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925-1948, by Yaacov Shavit, London, England; Totawa, N.J.:F. Cass, [1988]
  • Zionism in the Age of the Dictators , Lenni Brenner, Lawrence Hill & Co; Rev Ed edition [c1983]
  • Vladimir Jabotinsky, Michael Stanislawski (Introduction), [2005] ISBN 978-0-8014-8903-7

Articles and poems

Jabotinsky translated Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" into Hebrew and Russian, and parts of Dante's Divine Comedy into modern Hebrew verse.

Notes

  1. ^ Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete, Metropolitan Books, 1999. p.141
  2. ^ ‘England is becoming continental! Not long ago the prestige of the English ruler of the “colored” colonies stood very high. Hindus, Arabs, Malays were conscious of his superiority and obeyed, not unprotestingly, yet completely. The whole scheme of training of the future rulers was built on the principle “carry yourself so that the inferior will feel your unobtainable superiority in every motion”.’Jabotinsky, cited Lenni Brenner, The Iron Wall London, ch.7, 1984
  3. ^ Lenni Brenner, The Iron Wall, London 1984
  4. ^ Hecht, Ben. Perfidy. Milah Press, first published 1961, this edition 1999, p. 257. ISBN 0-9646886-3-8

References

  • Lone Wolf: a Biography of Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinsky. by Shmuel Katz; New York: Barricade Books, [c1996] (Katz was a disciple of Jabotinsky. This book, which is still in print, provides an excellent overview of Jabotinsky's life and legacy.)
  • The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story. by Joseph B Schechtman; New York, T. Yoseloff [c. 1956-1961]
  • Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925-1948. by Yaacov Shavit. London, England; Totawa, N.J.:F. Cass, [1988]

Further reading

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Quotes

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  • "Our habit of constantly and zealously answering to any rabble has already done us a lot of harm and will do much more. ... We do not have to apologize for anything. We are a people as all other peoples; we do not have any intentions to be better than the rest. As one of the first conditions for equality we demand the right to have our own villains, exactly as other people have them. ... We do not have to account to anybody, we are not to sit for anybody's examination and nobody is old enough to call on us to answer. We came before them and will leave after them. We are what we are, we are good for ourselves, we will not change, nor do we want to." (From Instead of Excessive Apology, 1911)
  • "Eliminate the Diaspora, or the Diaspora will surely eliminate you." (From "Tisha B'av 1937")


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