In Jewish history, the Torah-sages after the last of the Prophets, in the last three centuries BCE, were called Zugot ("pairs"), since in each case the names of (at least) two in each generation (a Pair) are on record. Their names may be seen in the first chapter of Pirkei Avot (paragraphs 4 to 12).See also:

Jewish timeline

The term "period" is nebulous and makes this question unanswerable.

Judaism has existed for a minimum of 2550 years and maximum of 3800 years, depending on your belief of the Historical and/or Biblical Evidence.

(all dates are according to traditional chronology and some are approximate)

The Forefathers (1812-1505 BCE)

The Egyptian exile (1522-1312 BCE)

Moses and Joshua (1313-1244 BCE)

The Judges (1244-890 BCE)

The Kings and the First Temple (9th-5th centuries BCE)

The Babylonian Exile (422-352 BCE, according to tradition)

The Second Temple and Zugot (pairs of Sages) - 4th century BCE until 1st century CE

the Sages of the Mishna (1st-3rd centuries)

the Sages of the Talmud (3rd-5th centuries)

the Savora'im (Sages) - 6th century

the Gaonim (Sages) - 7th to 10th century

the Rishonim (Medieval Rabbis) 10th to mid-16th century

the Acharonim (recent Rabbis).