Trill - rapid alternation between two note
Mordent - rapid alternation of a single note
appoggiaturas - music ornament not necessary to carry the melodic line but clashes with the accompanying chord.
In Baroque music, phrasing was continuous, while in Classical era music phrasing was short and based on cadences.
Words like mellow, earthy, round, and warm can explain how the clarinet sounds. I remember when I was at school we were asked to explain how it sounded but the answers were mostly right because everybody thinks that it sounds different.
The different sizes in cello bows correspond to the different sizes in cellos. A 3/4 cello has a shorter bow than a full size cello. When laid on the fingerboard lengthwise with the end at the bridge the bow reaches all the way to the nut at the top of the fingerboard.
What's called the "facing" of the mouthpiece is different. It's the same thing with virtually every mouthpiece model. It's hard to explain how different they are in terms of sound because different players can make the same mouthpiece sound different. Also, the sound can be affected by the thickness of the reed and the kind of ligature.
Never Apologise Never Explain was created in 2004-06.
It was the communists of course. and Aliens they battled for power in both eras
This would take an entire encyclopaedia and more to explain, not the least because it would cover about 1,000 years. However the link below should help as it covers the periods you enquire about. It covers the 'baroque' period and gives links to the 'medieval' period.
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It's hard to explain, because everyone is different