hypothesis
A statement that explains observations and can be tested is called a hypothesis. It serves as a proposed explanation for a phenomenon and is formulated based on existing knowledge or observations. A hypothesis can be tested through experiments or further observation to determine its validity.
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If by "why" you mean "what," a well tested framework that explains a wide range of observations in science is called a theory.
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A scientific theory is a well tested concept that explains a wide range of observations.
An unproven statement based on observations is called a hypothesis. It is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through experimentation and further observation. Hypotheses are essential in scientific research as they guide the inquiry process and help in formulating predictions that can be validated or refuted.