Senator Charles Sumner
Floor debates are unlimited in the Senate. A senator has the right to speak for as long as she or he sees fit. This is called a filibuster.
Preston Brooks was for slavery. He was a staunch defender of the institution and was known for his violent defense of the practice, including his brutal caning of Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist, on the Senate floor in 1856.
Senator Charles Sumner
On May 22, 1856, abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner, a Free Soil senator from Massachusetts, was beaten with a cane on the Senate floor by Senator Preston Brooks, a Democrat from South Carolina. He needed three months to recuperate. Brooks resigned in July, was re-elected in August and again in the November regular election, but died of croup in January 1857.
So he would have legal immunity that protected him from being sued for slender.
Republican U.S. Senator Charles Sumner (RMA) is beaten nearly to death on floor of Senate by U.S. Rep. Preston Brooks (D-SC),
The VP is not a Senator. His job is to chair meetings. He can not vote unless there is a tie vote.
When the Vice President is not in the Senate, which is most of the time, his place is taken by the President pro tempore of the Senate, who is usually the most senior Senator. But in actual practice, the floor of the Senate is normally presided over by junior senators to enable them to master the parliamentary procedures.
A "filibuster" is a procedure by which a senator can speak on a subject as long as he likes. As long as they do not break for water/bathroom/etc or in anyway yield control of the floor, a senator may speak as long as they like. Strom Thurmond famously filibustered the Civil Rights Act for over 24 hours. In modern times, the Senate doesn't actually require a senator to take the floor and speak to filibuster. All he must do is tell the party's floor leader, I believe.
On October 10, 2007: Senate majority floor leader is a Democrat; Senate minority floor leader is a Republican. This may or may not change in the near future. The answer depends on which party held the most seats after the last election; if any senators died in office and were replaced by their home state Governor - who may or may not be from the dead senator's political party; if a senator happens to switch political parties after election (which has hapened).
Senator Latz stated in a speech on the Senate floor in which he stated that civil marriage is absolutely separate from religion and that he supports same-sex marriage.
Technically, any one senator can filibuster a bill in the Senate. Senate rules provide that any senator may speak on a subject for so long as they may remain standing and speaking. Rule changes throughout the 1900s, especially those in the 1970s, now allow closure of debate to be passed with the consent of 60 senators. Therefore, in order to sustain a filibuster, a senator would require 41 other senators to agree with them. In reality, if 41 senators agree, a bill will not progress to a vote on the floor.