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It can be. For example, when ants protect scale insects on a tree because they feed on honeydew from the scales, then they are really using material from the tree that they get from the scale that parasitises the tree directly. However, while they protect the tree from other animals, they also prevent the enemies of the scale from clearing the scale from the tree, even if they keep other animals from attacking the tree directly. Sometimes such scale can kill the tree if one doesn't get rid of the ants.

However, in some trees, such as the trees called whistling thorns, ants do the tree little harm and the tree actually grows parts that the ant can eat. Such ants attack giraffes and antelopes that otherwise feed on the tree. That is not so much parasitism as what we call mutualism. This means that both both the ants and the plant win from the deal.

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