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No, comets and meteors are not considered to be small planets. Comets are simply considered to be comets, and meteors are simply considered to be meteors. (Meteors are asteroids that have entered the atmosphere.)
Quite simply, different planets have different masses. They are not all the same.
A solar system could simply have one planet, the most important thing is that it has to have a sun with celestial bodies that revolve around it in its gravitational field to be classified as a solar system.
The Earth is a planet. OurMoon is simply "a moon". That's an object that orbits a planet. The Sun is a star.
The retrograde motion of the planets is well modelled by both the Ptolemaic system and the Copernican system, and by the other models. But the Copernican system explains it more simply because, for example, Mars's retrograde motion is caused simply when Mars is overtaken by the Earth, which goes more quickly round the Sun. Thus an observer on the Earth sees Mars appearing to go 'backwards' on the ecliptic around the time of closest approach (opposition). This can be easily demonstrated by assuming simple circular orbits.
I think that is refered to simply as the sun, or "Sol".
It is simply called "The Solar System"
They are simply asteroids. Sometimes they are called "minor planets", but they are much smaller than planets, of course. The Trojans can orbit where they do because those places are suitable for stable orbits.
There is no falling action the story simply ends at the Climax!
Copernicus made a contribution to Astronomy by proposing the theory called "Heliocentrism", which means that simply the Earth and all of the other planets revolve around the stationary Sun.
Gravity is caused by mass, so objects with more mass, such as planets and stars, exert a lot of gravity. The earth and everything on it is constantly falling towards the sun because of the sun's immense gravity. Because of this sideways momentum, the earth is continually falling towards the sun and missing it.
It's a (usually cloth or plastic) cape placed around the neck of the customer - to stop cut hairs from simply falling over their clothes.
No. Rain is simply water falling from the sky.
No, comets and meteors are not considered to be small planets. Comets are simply considered to be comets, and meteors are simply considered to be meteors. (Meteors are asteroids that have entered the atmosphere.)
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are the Rocky planets. They are called so simply because they are rocky, their outer layer is solid. All other planets in the solar system are gaseous.
Gravity keeps the planets from shooting off in to space, while the planet's momentum prevents in from falling in to the sun. When these are balanced, an orbit is achieved.
Simply by looking at the planet itself. If it's spinning, then it rotates.