No.
They are part of the nucleus of the atom. They can force a positive charge to bond with other atoms.
No, not always. Some can exist in what's called a "monatomic state". That is, they exist as a single atom, either due to artificial separation from other atoms, or because they have no need to bond to other atoms. Atoms tend to bond to other atoms to become more stable, but atoms that are already stable tend not to bond. Examples of such are the noble gasses, which rarely bond except through synthesis.
Yes, it is possible.
coavalent
yes
In a nonpolar covalent bond, two atoms are sharing electrons equally. In a polar covalent bond, two atoms do not share electrons equally because the atoms are of different elements, and one has more protons than the other.
Atoms consist of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons, which are located in the nucleus, have a similar mass that is significantly greater than that of electrons, which orbit the nucleus. Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons have a negative charge. This charge imbalance is crucial for the chemical behavior of atoms, as it influences how they interact and bond with each other.
Atoms are held up together by sharing electrons (covalent bonding) or by transfer of electrons (ionic bond).
Atoms combine with other atoms to form compound. It makes the atoms stable.
Cations donate atoms to form an ionic bond.
when they are in contact
You have a misconception about chemical bonding. Electrons do not form bonds with other electrons. As you will recall from Coulomb's Law, electrons repel other electrons since they all have the same negative charge, and like charges repel, while opposite charges attract. So it is the oppositely charged protons to which electrons are attracted. Since atoms contain both protons and electrons, atoms bond with other atoms because the electrons in one atom can be attracted to the protons in a different atom. And there are various types of bonding between atoms. These include ionic, covalent, and metallic.