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The brightness of a star depends (a) on its temperature, which affects the amount of radiation emitted per square meter, and (b) the total surface area. A white dwarf has a very small surface area - around 1 / 10,000 the area of our Sun.
White dwarf stars are the compressed cores of a dead star, so it is very hot. Since a white dwarf is also small, it emits less light than most stars, so they are dim.

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