A stars evolution.
Our Sun will go yellow dwarf -> red giant -> white dwarf -> black dwarf.
No. A dwarf star is a small star. A white dwarf is just one particular type of dwarf star, but there are other types.
their colour is one thing but a black dwarf originates from a white dwarf
Not exactly. A white dwarf would be hard to see from Earth, and Sirius is the brightest star from our point of view. Sirius has two components; one of them, Sirius B, is a white dwarf.
Yes, that is correct. A white dwarf has run out of fuel - it used it up.Yes, that is correct. A white dwarf has run out of fuel - it used it up.Yes, that is correct. A white dwarf has run out of fuel - it used it up.Yes, that is correct. A white dwarf has run out of fuel - it used it up.
polysaccharides
A white dwarf is the remains of a dead star, not the birth of a new one.
No, Umbreon does not evolve. It is one of the final stages of Eevee.
Not necessarily. A white dwarf is simply the remains of a low to medium mass star that has died. A red dwarf is a low mass star. Since red dwarfs last longer than medium mass stars, one could easily be older than a white dwarf.
If nothing disturbs the white dwarf it will slowly cool for hundreds of millions of years until it turns to an invisible black dwarf, which if nothing disturbs the black dwarf it will last until the universe ends.
Black Dwarf's are theoretical. They are the end point of a White Dwarf star, after it has finished cooling down. The universe is not old enough for one to have completely cooled into a Black Dwarf. See related question.
even though a white dwarf may burn hot, it's size is what limits it's luminosity. Here is one way to look at it: Imagine a white dwarf with the mass of our sun. Our sun's surface temp is right around 5,770K and weighs one solar mass. Now, this imaginary white dwarf would be about the size of the earth and have a surface temp of around 10,000K - 11,000K. This white dwarf would have a surface area 1/333,000 of the sun. A white dwarf of this size is about average and as you can imagine, has very little room to put out energy compared to other solar masses.
It is not believed that any black dwarfs exist yet, as the universe is not old enough for a white dwarf to have cooled into one.