They are both orbiting the Sun at different speeds, so there are times when both of them are visible in the night sky. There are good websites, like Heavens-Above, which will tell you when and where to see them, and sometimes both can be seen.
Mars is closest when Jupiter and Mars are on the same side of the sun. Otherwise, if earth and Jupiter are on one side and Mars on the other, then Earth is closer. If Earth and Mars are on one side and Venus and Jupiter are on the other, than Venus is closest. When Earth, Venus, and Mars are on one side, and Mercury and and Jupiter are on the other, Mercury is closest. All four are pretty much always closer to Jupiter than Saturn ever is.
No.
Mars is closest to Jupiter on average but Saturn is sometimes closer when it is on the same side of the sun as Jupiter.
This is a function of distance - an object appears smaller the further away it is. Although Jupiter is many times the size of Mars, the two planets appear to be about the same size because Jupiter is also much further away from Earth than Mars is.
The weight of the bag of sugar on Mars would be about 0.38 times its weight on Earth, due to Mars having weaker gravity. On Jupiter, the weight of the bag of sugar would be about 2.53 times its weight on Earth, since Jupiter's gravity is much stronger.
the Earth The Earth is the closest planet to Mars. During the period of their orbits, Mars is 34 million mi (55 million km) away from the Earth at their closest and 249 million mi (400 million km) at their farthest to each other. Just for comparison, Mars gets within approx. 304 million mi (490 million km) to Jupiter at their closest. Interestingly enough, Jupiter is so far away from Mars that, at all times, Mars is closer to Mercury than it is to Jupiter.
Yes, Mars is in a 5:2 orbital resonance with Jupiter. This means that for every five orbits Mars completes around the Sun, Jupiter completes two. This gravitational interaction helps stabilize Mars' orbit and affects its long-term orbital dynamics. However, Mars does not have significant resonances with other planets in the same way.
Mars is potentially the closest planet at a minimum distance of 3.68 AU. That varies. Mars would typically be the closest planet, but earth would be closest when earth and Jupiter are on the same side of the sun and Mars is on the opposite side. At 10 AU, Saturn would almost always be further from Jupiter than Mercury or Venus. When Mars and Jupiter are on opposite sides of the sun, the distance between them is eight AU, whereas the distance between Jupiter and Saturn when they are lined up on the same side of the sun is 5 AU. That means when even earth (1 AU) is on the opposite side from Jupiter and Saturn (Jupiter and Saturn are in daylight), Saturn would be slightly closer. Most of the time, however, Mars would be the closest planet to Jupiter.
Yes, several planets in our solar system have volcanoes. For example, Venus has many active volcanoes, Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system called Olympus Mons, and Io, one of Jupiter's moons, is the most volcanically active body in our solar system.
You see Mars the same way you see the other planets such as Jupiter or Venus; the same way that you see ANYTHING. Light from the Sun shines on all the planets just as it does on Earth, and the reflected light from Mars comes back to your eye here on Earth.
Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. The order of the nine planets in the solar system is mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune, pluto. Mars is smaller than the earth. Venus is about the same size as the earth. Mars is not very tiny like mercury and pluto.
The 8 "major planets" are (in size order) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury. By mass the order is the same except for Uranus and Neptune switching positions.The remainder of the known planets are the 5 dwarf planets, and about 2 dozen candidate dwarf planets, and the asteroids (aka minor planets) in the Main Belt between Mars and Jupiter.