Yes, it happens quite often.
It is called a meteorite.
Meteorites hitting the Earth.
A meteor is a space body traveling through Earth's atmosphere leaving a glowing trail. A meteorite is the solid remnant of a meteor should it survive to the point of impact with Earth's surface.
The particles in a meteor shower are generally solid, until they smack into the Earth's atmosphere and actually become a "meteor shower". The meteor generally explodes, or vaporizes, or becomes plasma - but there are often still parts of the meteor that remain solid and impact the Earth.
Metamorphic rock creation caused by intense heat and pressure of meteor impact with Earth's surface.
Something that leaves a permanent mark on something else, such as when the earth was struck by a huge meteor eons ago that wiped out the dinosaurs; the meteor had a lasting impact on the planet.
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Lots of ways. For example, the momentum of satellite + meteor before the impact, is the same after the impact.
Lots of ways. For example, the momentum of satellite + meteor before the impact, is the same after the impact.
There is no erosion on the moon and mercury to erase the impact sites.
A large meteor strike on the earth might cause a crateron the surface. If it struck the water, it may leave a bit of a crater in the sea floor, depending on the size and velocity and composition of the meteor and the depth of the sea where it impacted. If it hit land, there'd be a big "dent" in the ground where the missle and the blast of impact gouged it out.
A non-impacting body. A meteor is a specific instance that occurs - anything but that instance is "normal." Maybe "the rest of the universe that doesn't hit Earth." What do you call the lack of an impact?