Yes. Chlorine could sustain such a reaction as well.
Fuel will burn with many other elements, especially Chlorine or Fluorine. The reason Oxygen is used so often is that is it very common and easily available in the atmosphere.
Oxygen
Magnesium can burn in the absence of elemental oxygen, yes. This is because it is such a strong reducing agent that it can essentially steal oxygen from substances such as water and carbon dioxide.
Hydrogen and oxygen are already elements. You don't get elements as a product. You get water, which is a compound.
Fluorine is a highly reactive element and can ignite or burn in the presence of certain materials like hydrocarbons or powdered metals. When fluorine burns, it forms extremely strong and toxic compounds like hydrogen fluoride. It is important to handle fluorine with extreme caution due to its reactivity.
Not really. It will combine with oxygen or chlorine / fluorine, but poorly.
Yes it is flammable!. Fluorine gas is the most reactive of all the elements and quickly attacks all metals - steel wool bursts into flames when exposed to it! there u go! im sure you wanted to know this so there you go kids or adults.
Those would be the "oxides" of the elements burned.
Water. You can burn oxygen and you can burn hydrogen but you can't burn water.
Diamond is resistant to most chemical reactions due to its strong carbon-carbon bonds. It does not react with acids, bases, or most other elements at room temperature. However, diamond can react with oxygen at high temperatures to form carbon dioxide.
There is small portion of oxygen about 0.77% in the Sun. Additional tip for clarification: Sun didn't burn with oxygen, this ball of fire burn from nuclear fusion reaction.
Very easily. According to the article given by the link wood will start to burn spontaneously in a jet of fluorine without the application of a spark.