Yes, high blood pressure can cause kidney disease, and so monitoring urine for protein is an important test for patients with high blood pressure.
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Once the blood supply is minimized or cut off to the kidney, tissue death soon results, ultimately leading to chronic kidney failure (end-stage renal disease).
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Kidney failure and damage to red blood cells cause 15% of patients deaths and half the survivors develop chronic kidney failure, requiring dialysis.
The difference between acute renal (kidney) failure and chronic kidney failure, is that acute is a sudden onset. Something like a medical condition, trama, or surgery can cause the failure within days or even hrs. Chrinic kidney failure is slow damage to the kidney over a few years, resulting in the kidneys not being able to filter blood properly.