No, it must be made at a specific time before the case begins. If the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction is not made at that time, it is waived and personal jurisdiction is established even though it might not have existed in the first place. Check Rule 12 of the Federal Rules of Civil procedure.
US district courts have trial jurisdiction (aka original jurisdiction) over federal court cases.
When does a court have personal jurisdiction over a party to a lawsuit
No. If the suit is over a certain dollar amount, it can be heard in federal court under diversity jurisdiction. If it involves federal law, it can also be heard in federal court under federal question jurisdiction. Unless it is a matter of exclusive federal jurisdiction, the state court maintains concurrent jurisdiction.
Federal trial courts almost always have original jurisdiction in the federal system.
Federal district courts have jurisdiction over trials. Federal appeals courts have jurisdiction over appeals from the federal district courts.
Original jurisdiction
Concurrent jurisdiction allows both state and federal courts to hear cases involving federal laws, diversity of citizenship cases, and cases involving concurrent jurisdiction statutes. It means either court can hear the case.
Only in special cases, otherwise it mainly deals with jurisdiction with in the court's circuit. Yes, it does have nationwide jurisdiction. The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit hears appeals from the US Court of International Trade and the US Court of Federal Claims regardless of where the trial was held. Its jurisdiction is defined in terms of subject matter as opposed to territory the way the jurisdiction of the other twelve circuit courts of appeals is defined. In that sense, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has no territorial limitations on its jurisdiction.
Personal jurisdiction is important to the court because it means that the court has authority of the people involved in the lawsuit. This means that any results from the court can be enforced.
appeals and jurisdiction
No, they are completely different court systems. One has jurisdiction over state matters, the other over federal matters.
If the case involves a question of federal law, or if the federal court has diversity jurisdiction (parties reside in different states and minimum amount in dispute.)