Yes, would is past tense form of will.
For example a past habit:
The dog would wait by the gate every afternoon, for his master to come home.
The past tense of refer is referred.
The past tense of refer is referred.
The sentence "others refer to them as giant rivers of ice" is in the present tense. The past tense would have used referred, the future tense would have used, will refer.
"Taught" is the correct past tense form of the verb "teach." "Taught" is commonly used in English to refer to the action of instructing or educating someone in the past.
Education is a noun. It does not have a tense. However, you can say that someone was educated. That would be the past tense of the verb educate.
The past tense of "will" is "would". The past tense of "to be" is "was" or "were".
The noun forms of the verb to refer are referrer, reference, referral, and the gerund, referring.
The past tense of "you will not" is "you would not."
The past tense of "camera" is "camerad." The word "camera" is a noun and does not have a traditional past tense form like a verb would. Instead, if you want to refer to a camera in the past, you would typically use a phrase such as "the camera that was used" or "the camera from yesterday."
The past tense of "prone" is "pronounced." The word "prone" is an adjective that describes someone lying face down or inclined to do something. When referring to the past, you would use the past tense form "pronounced" to indicate that someone was in a prone position at a specific point in time.
The correct past tense would be "you were".
The word "candidate" can be used as a noun in the present or past tense to refer to someone who is running for a position or applying for a job.