Yes; translations and revisions can have their own dates.
The copyright date is the year the text was completed. It may or may not be the same as the publication date.
Not always. A popular book may come out in many editions over many years, but the copyright date stays the same.
Yes, copyright is a "property right" that can be simultaneously owned by multiple people, either as joint owners or as "tenants in common" ownership of some percentage.
Typically no; there may be seemingly minor changes to the edition. However under current copyright law, duration of protection is based on the year the creator died, not the year the book was published.
Check the copyright page it should be printed on the bottom of the page. If not check the publishing dates, this isn't always accurate as popular books can be reprinted in the same year.
The more famous book, by Rabindranath Tagore, was published in 1913. There is a Bengali book of the same name published in 1910.
Any creative work of art, photography or literature on a book cover is protected by the same copyright as the rest of the book. If the copyright has expired, i.e., 95 years after publication, then the cover also becomes public domain. Until then, no, the creative content of the cover is not public domain.
Not necessarily; works are protected by copyright as soon as they are fixed in a tangible medium, but they may not be published for years or even decades.
Copyright means that the book or writing or song belongs to the copyright holder. Anyone using or posting the copyrighted material without the permission of the copyright holder can be held to pay for the unauthorized use of the material. George Harrison had to pay because My Sweet Lord had the same melody as She Is So Fine. Using copyrighted material can lead to fines, loss of a job, and dismissal from school.
Most signatories to the Berne convention have very similar copyright laws, and are required to give other signatories' works the same protection as works of its own nationals. Therefore, a book published in the US in 1974 would be protected in the UK for the life of the author plus 70 years.
If the name of a college were under copyright that means that you could not open your own college and use the same name. There is already a Harvard University, you cannot open another Harvard University. But you can certainly write a book about Harvard University, if you so desire. Copyright doesn't mean you can't write about something.
It may not always be available, but your best bet is too look on one of the first pages before the book begins, on the same page as the copyright information is.