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It depends. Some airports have VOR navigtion aids on the field, which regularly serve as beginning and end points for such measurements. Another convenient reference point is the center of the runway. With the use of GPS, it is possible to dial in the exact location of the numbers on the runway (!).
The east end of Runway 30 at Norman Manley Airport at Kingston is 1,992.35 km north of the equator. The other end of the same runway is 994.67 meters farther from it, and the majority of the rest of Jamaica is even farther. For example, the east end of Runway 25 at Sangster International at Mo' Bay is 2,056.43 km north of the equator.
-- The west end of the main runway (10) at the International Airport Port Au Prince is located at 18.5793° north latitude 72.3066° west longitude. -- The north end of the runway (23) at Cap Haitien Airport is located at 19.7376° north latitude 72.1905° west longitude.
The south end of Runway-35R at Santiago's Comodoro Arturo Merino BenitezInternational Airport is located at33.40485° south latitude70.78515° west longitude.Other spots around town ... (indeed, other spots on the same runway) ... havesomewhat different coordinates.
The position-and-hold spot at the west end of Runway-07at V. C. Bird International Airport on Antigua is located at17.1312° north latitude61.8020° west longitude.Other spots around the island ... indeed, other spots on the same runway ...have somewhat different coordinates.
The south end of Runway-03 at Brunei International Airport is located at 4.93006° north latitude 114.91985° east longitude. Although the country is small, no other point in it has the same coordinates.
-- The latitude at the south end of the main runway (5R) at the Yakutsk airport is 62.0821° North. -- The latitude at the south end of Runway-32 at Ted Stevens Anchorage International airport is 61.1722° North. -- The point at Yakutsk is 0.9099 degree, or about 101.1 km (62.8 miles) further north than the point at Anchorage.
The south end of Runway-01L at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport is located at 13.6713° north latitude 100.7347° east longitude.
The west end of the main runway (09) at the Kobe airport is located at 34.6317° north latitude 135.2107° east longitude.
Runways, sort of (they're actually that divided by 10, zero-padded to two digits if necessary). So a runway marked "27" has a heading of approximately 270 degrees and therefore runs due west (Runways have different numbers on each end; the other end of runway 27 would be marked "09").
They indicate the approximate compass alignment of the runway. The number should be multiplied by ten to get a rough idea of how it is aligned. For example, a runway with 09 on it is at close to 90 degrees - so it runs almost exactly East/West. A runway with 36 on it is north/south aligned for a heading of 360, and on the opposite end it will be 18 for 180 degrees. In addition they are makers for the take off and landing references - Pilots see routes on charts that direct them to the runway designated by air traffic control. As well as taxiway signs indicating the runway in use and its compass direct the pilot will see ground markers both on the ground and if they have to pass across the threshold area (start of the runway) When landing using "visual rules" this also helps the pilot know they are on the right runway, if not they announce a missed approach and "going around"
The east end of Runway-28 at Nausori International Airport near Suva is located at 18.0461° south latitude 178.5675° east longitude.