Usually you have to insure your bike for a full year, but then they may have a diffrent shceme for it.
Yes.
Most insurance companies don't like to see someone keep a vehicle around that isn't insured. They'll often charge quite a price when you go to re-insure it. Talk to a couple agents in the area and see what their policies are. You might be able to find someone who is reasonable.
No, you cannot.
In order to insure something you must have an "insurable interest" in it, so no you cannot insure something you do not own.
Yes one can tax a bike for a 6 month period.
Yes you can.
Any bike that's a v-twin(Suzuki sv650s), parallel twin (BMW's), or triple (Triumph)
Yes, unless you are a terrible risk. You might have to pay for 6 months and then cancel your insurance after 30 days, It is unusual to want to insure for just 30 days - talk to a company that has a local agent that you can talk to in person.
Car insurance companies insure for 6 months at a time. There are no long term policies. You must renew your policy every 6 months. If you need more temporary than that you would need to speak to an agent.
Yes you can insure before it is registered. If you have a loan for the bike they will require you have insurance and it be verified typically within 3 days of purchase.
Most if not all insurance companies that insure automobiles will insure motorcycles. This includes Geico, Allstate, Nationwide and many others. There are also online companies that will insure motorcycles. Just do a search on the internet for insurance to find companies that will isure motorcycles. If looking for bicycle insurance, it may not be worth it. The insurance may cost more than the bike itself. Check with any insurance company to see if bike or motorcycle insurance if available.
if you're going to use the bike, then Yes. if it's for someone else, then No