The most it should take is a couple hours. I've always gotten mine just doing walk-ins at the clinic.
No
You must have a current DOT medical card to maintain an active CDL in EVERY state. That is a federal law.
When you go to the DMV to get your CDL, you'll be expected to show either your DOT medical card, or the DOT physical long form. Additionally, any employer hiring you as a CMV operator is going to require you to present your DOT physical card, and possibly the long form physical, as well.
Not only any public roadway. This vehicle requires an active CDL, and if your DOT physical is expired, your CDL is null and void.
You need that in EVERY state.
Call medical clinics in your area and ask if they do DOT physicals.
You might be able to get the licence, but you won't be able to get the DOT medical card, which will give you a de facto bar from employment as a CDL driver.
It depends on what the nature of the disability is. You need to be able to obtain a DOT medical card in order to get a CDL - some disabilities will prevent this, while others will not.
If you are looking for paid cdl training there are several things you need to consider before you run out and sign on the dotted line. Paid cdl training is training provided by a trucking company in exchange for a commitment to work for that trucking company for a period of time. The trucking company will provide paid cdl training at no cost to you as long as you fulfill this obligation.
Yes
It won't be easy.
No, you're not. However, if you're seeking employment again as a commercial driver, you'll be required to have a valid DOT medical card as a prerequisite for employment.