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The multiple activities of the cells, tissues, and organs of the body are coordinated by the interplay of several types of chemical messenger systems:

1. Neurotransmitters- released by axon terminals of neurons into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control nerve cell functions.

2. Endocrine hormones - released by glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood and influence the function of cells at another location in the body.

3. Neuroendocrine hormones - secreted by neurons into the circulating blood and influence the function of cells at another location in the body.

4. Paracrines- secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring cells of a different type.

5. Autocrines- secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produced them by binding to cell surface receptors.

6. Cytokines-peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones.

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