juvenile offenders
A non-criminal violation of law is an infraction or a civil violation depending on what the law is. Traffic offenses are infractions; they are treated as criminal violations but are not crimes. Other violations of law only punishable by fines are called civil offenses.
In some so-called criminal 'Capital Cases' you must. However in lesser criminal offenses or in lesser civil cases you can choose to be 'tried before the bench' if you wish.
There are four, in general: (1) statutory torts; (2) criminal offenses, i.e., felonies and misdemeanors; (3) civil infractions, such as minor traffic offenses; and (4) violations of administrative rules.
this is called exculpatory evidence.
Criminal, perpetrator, suspect, person of interest.
They could be called a habitual criminal or a re-offender.
The state's prosecuting attorney in each judicial circuit is called the district attorney. The district attorney represents the government when it comes to criminal offenses.
Question is unclear. Are you looking for the word TORT? Torts are civil wrongs, as opposed to criminal offenses, for which there is a legal remedy for harm caused.
The classification of criminal offenses varies form state to state. What the exact offense may be called in one state does not have any bearing as to what it is referred to in another.
that is called coercion, or if the facts allow, you could also say the crime was committed under duress
probable cause
So-called "copycat" offenses.