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Cardiac output (CO) is determined by the heart rate (HR) and the volume of blood pumped by each beat (stroke volume - SV). Mathematically, cardiac output can be represented by the equation:
CO = HR x SV
As such, if total cardiac output falls as a result of decreased stroke volume, the heart rate can increase to keep the total cardiac output normal, to a certain extent.
Stroke volume is more complicated; it is determined by many different factors, including preload, afterload, competence of the atrioventricular valves, ventricular cavity size, and the strength of the squeeze of the cardiac muscle, amongst others. Any change in one of these factors requires a compensation in one or more of the others to maintain cardiac output.
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What are the compensatory mechanisms the overloaded heart resorts to when attempting to maintain normal cardiac output?
--Sympathetic nervous system stimulation (inc. catecholemines) --RAAS activation --Myocardial hypertrophy --Increased CO, with a rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
What causes compensatory pause following an extra systole?
repolariztion of the cardiac cells. ie after they have depolarized so quickly it takes a while for them to get back to a normal state
What is the normal compensatory response to a decreased cardiac contractility often seen in myocardial infarction?
Increase in heart rate as Cardiac Output = Heart rate x Stroke volume. As SV will be decreased, HR increases to compensate.
Compensatory pause ecg?
A compensatory pause is noted on an electrocardiogram after a premature complex. It precedes the next normal complex, and compensates for the abnormality of the heart beat.
What does it mean when a cardiac silhouette is at the upper limit of normal?
Cardiac silhouette is prominent with a left ventricular configuration.
Normal percent cardiac blockage for men?
12%.
The length of the normal cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
How useful is blood pressure medication in treating cardiac tamponade?
Drugs that help maintain normal blood pressure throughout the body can also help this condition; however, these drugs are only a temporary treatment.
Where are baroreceptors located?
There are baroreceptors located in the aorta and at the carotid bifurcation. These function to modulate the cardiac output and maintain normal blood pressure and an adequate perfusion pressure to the brain.
What is the meaning of cardiac size is within upper limits of normal?
If the cardiac size is within the upper limits of normal, it means that the heart is still a normal size, but is on the larger size of all normal hearts. There is a range for how big the heart is allowed to be.
Describe the body's mechanisms for controlling blood glucose levels under normal and stress conditions.?
Describe the body's mechanisms for controlling blood glucose levels under normal and stress conditions.?
What mineral is critical for normal cardiac function?
pottasium and sodium
