Copernicus took the Earth from it's traditional position in the centre of the universe and stated that it must orbit the sun like the other planets. This is the basis for our current understanding of the solar system.
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Copernican concentrism states that the sun was the center of the Solar System, with the planets revolving around the Sun. Copernicus was an astronomer who lived from 1473-1543.
The model of the Solar System in which the Sun is in the center and the planets (including Earth) orbit it.
The Ptolemaic system belived that the earth was the center of everything and all the planet and sun traveled around it and the copernican system belived that the sun was the center of everything and the planets and traveled around the sun.
The Copernican Hypothesis is the hypothesis that the sun, rather than the earth, was at the centre of the universe. Copernicus theorised that the stars and planets, including the earth, revolved around a fixed sun. He worked on it from 1506-1530, but it wasn't published until the year of his death in 1543.
Galileo expressed his support of the Copernican theory that the Earth and planets revolved around the Sun. But that wasn't exactly a trial.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
The Jovian planets are gas giants and have no surface.
terrestrial
The Ptolemaic model has all of the planets moons and stars moving around the Sun. The modern day Copernican model has all the planets moving around the Sun, with the moons moving around the planets, and the Sun and its "system" moving around the Milky Way.
planets
the planets originated from clouds of dust that spin on a disk shaped plain.