There's a very definite relationship ... which we can write as a fairly simple mathematical
formula ... between the planet's mass, its radius, and the acceleration of gravity at its surface.
For the most part, yes. But the actual determining factor for how much gravity a planet has is based on its mass, and since size and mass are often related it is somewhat accurate to say that the bigger the planet is, the more gravity it will have.
It has about 9/10 of earths gravity.
Its mass. More mass=more gravity Also the distance from the planet's center to its surface, i.e. its radius.
No. It is the other way around; gravity depends on mass.
Yes it does but not as much as earth does. Every object that has mass also has gravity.
The particles of rock and dust that the Earth much later would be made from had gravity. Much, much, much later, the planet was formed. Every object that has mass also has gravititational attraction, even your body. Even a sewing needle has gravity.
Planet Mercury and Planet Earth are both rocky planets. But Mercury is much smaller than Earth, so has much less force of gravity. Your answer is "No".
The amount of gravity is not really quantifiable, but the gravitational force of a planet on a standard mass at a standard distance is proportional to the planet's mass.
Gravity counteracts this inertia, usually the gravity of a body much larger than itself.
Pluto has a weaker surface gravity than a planet because it has much less mass than a planet has.
Io is a moon of Jupiter, not a planet. Surface gravity is about 18% of the gravity on Earth.
Gravity comes with mass so since a planet has mass there is some gravity. the bigger the planet the more mass it has. smaller planets have less gravity. so either way there is always some gravity on a planet.