Jack the Ripper brought attention to the deplorable conditions of the east end of London. In that way he may have precipitated much needed change for the poor. But that is the extent of his civic contributions.
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The intense political loyalties in the 1790s were on the Revolution in France. The war was between reformers and those who reset the application of French principles.
socialist were more interested in drastic political and social reorganization
Liberals and conservatives.
They are both Liberals
Following the Congress of Vienna, a main difference between French conservatives and liberals was their approach to governance and societal structure. Conservatives sought to maintain traditional monarchies and social hierarchies, emphasizing stability and order, often advocating for a return to pre-revolutionary norms. In contrast, liberals championed individual rights, political freedoms, and representative government, pushing for reforms that would limit the power of the monarchy and promote civil liberties. This ideological divide reflected broader tensions in post-Napoleonic Europe regarding authority and progress.
Liberals historically have been cautious about pure democracy because they feared that majority rule could lead to the oppression of minority rights and individual freedoms. They prioritized constitutional frameworks that protect civil liberties, emphasizing the rule of law and checks on governmental power. Additionally, some liberals believed that direct democracy could result in populism and instability, undermining the rational policies that a representative system could provide. This tension between democracy and liberalism continues to shape political discourse today.
Conservatives in Europe tended to support traditional social hierarchies and the influence of the monarchy, while liberals advocated for individual freedoms and constitutional government. Conservatives were generally suspicious of revolutionary change and sought to maintain stability, while liberals were more open to reform and progressive ideas. Conservatives often relied on the support of the aristocracy and the church, while liberals drew their support from the middle class and intellectuals seeking political change.
Muckrakers were investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social issues, while reformers were individuals who advocated for change and pushed for reforms in response to the issues highlighted by muckrakers. Muckrakers focused on uncovering problems, while reformers worked to implement solutions.
The purpose of the Black Hand group in WW1 was to recruit and train partisans for a possible war between Serbia and Austria.
There are crosscutting cleavages between liberals and conservatives because the issues that are causing these crosscutting cleavages are issues that liberals (people who are willing to disregard traditional values in politics) and conservatives (people who believe traditional values are important in politics) are debating over. They have opposite views over these matters. These crosscutting cleavages are based on race, ethnicity, religion, region, and education.
The Liberals are the centre-based party responsible for an enormous corruption scandal known as "AdScam" while they were in office. The Liberals have a central view on politics, with some left-wing ideas and some right-wing ideas. The NDP is Canada's socialist party and as such supports higher taxes, higher restrictions on businesses and foreign investment, etc.