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A:Church tradition does hold that the Church as we know it today began after Pentecost.

Acts chapter 2 says that the disciples received the Holy Spirit, after which they began to baptise many people. They sold all their possessions to help others and began to preach the gospel. This was the Christian Pentecost, but the Jews also celebrated a Pentecost from the second century BCE onwards, and hence in Jesus' day, in memory of the giving of the Law on Mount Sinai. Also known as Shavuot, it takes place fifty days after Passover, just as the Christian Pentecost takes place fifty days after Easter. Numbers 11:25 tells us that on that occasion, the spirit of God came down on the seventy elders and they began to prophesy in ecstasy. There are enough parallels to the earlier account to raise doubts about the historicity of the Christian Pentecost, in which case the Church could not have begun on this auspicious occasion.

The author of Matthew's Gospel knew nothing of Luke's Gospel or Acts of the Apostles, and therefore nothing of Pentecost. Matthew 28:19-20 simply has Jesus meet the disciples at a mountain in Galilee, far away from Jerusalem, and command them to go therefore and teach to all nations, and that he will be with them always. This is an alternative account of the very beginning of the Church.

The author of John's Gospel certainly knew of Luke's Gospel but probably not Acts of the Apostles. John 20:22 has Jesus breathe on the disciples and give them the Holy Spirit, seemingly making Luke's Pentecost superfluous. This is not specifically an account of the beginning of the Church but does give reason to raise further doubt about the historicity of Pentecost.

With two parallel biblical accounts (Numbers, Acts) of a Pentecost, at least two biblical accounts (Matthew, Acts) of the beginning of the the Church and and two accounts in which the disciples received the Holy Spirit (John, Acts), we should reserve judgement both of the historicity of Pentecost and just when the Church as we know it really began.

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