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Class characteristic - properties of evidence that can only be associated with a group and not a single source.

> Measurable features of an item that indicate a restricted group source based on design factors determined prior to manufacture.

> May be shown to be like or consistent with a questioned source, although not uniquely identifiable with that source.

Examples:

> A pair of faded blue denim jeans with paint stains and possible matching cuff.

> A pair of "NEW" and "UNUSED" Nike Air Force II shoes size 10 found in a crime scene (it won't help us distinguish it from other Nike Air Force II athletic shoes of the same size).

> Width of the tip of a screwdriver

> Width of land and groove impressions

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Individual characteristics - properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with a high degree of certainty.

> Marks on an object produced by the random imperfections or irregularities on the surfaces of the tools used to manufacture the object.

> Produced incidental to the manufacturing process and typically seen at microscopic level.

> Can be produced on an object by use, abuse, and/or corrosion.

> May be uniquely identifiable with a source.

Examples:

> Fingerprints - the odds of two people having the same prints are one out of 1 x 10 to the 60th power. This is greater than the known number of humans on the earth.

> Bullet striations from gun barrels, tool marks, bite marks and irregular edges that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.

> Striated and/or impressed marks produced by the action of the tip of a screwdriver on an object.

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