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A pure conductor will conduct or pass AC or DC current/voltage reguardless of frequency. An example would be a piece of wire. A dialectric is usually associated with capacitors and is the material used between a capacitors plates. A capacitor will block pure DC current and will pass AC current. It works by storing a positive or negative charge of an ac signal and discharging the current back into the circuit as the charge begins to approach 0 or where it crosses over from positive to negative. In a bandpass/ban reject filter network it is use to pass certain frequencies and/or reject others. In a power supply it is used to convert ac to dc by smoothing out the "ripple" of the cycle of said frequency.

To pass frequencies it is usually series or series/paralles in the circuit. As a filter for a power supply one side will usually go to ground. The latter is what your transformer you plug into your wall does for a device that uses dc voltage/current and also operates on batteries.

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