differentiate between value for money and profit maximization
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Corporate governance is for the accountability to shareholders, corporate social responsibility is for the accountability to remaining other stakeholders.
relationship between financial and non-financial performance indicators in achieving corporate governance compliance.
Corporate governance is a set of relationships between a company's directors, its shareholders and other stakeholders. it also provides structure through which the objectives if the company are set, and the means of obtaining these objectives and monitoring performance are determined. In short, corporate governance is a system by which an organisation is controlled.
Stephen Bloomfield has written: 'The Small Company Pilot' 'Theory and practice of corporate governance' -- subject(s): BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Management, Corporate governance 'Reading Between the Lines of Company Accounts'
Corporate governance is most often viewed as both the structure and the relationships which determine corporate direction and performance. The board of directors is typically central to corporate governance. Its relationship to the other primary participants, typically shareholders and management, is critical. Additional participants include employees, customers, suppliers, and creditors. The corporate governance framework also depends on the legal, regulatory, institutional and ethical environment of the community. Whereas the 20th century might be viewed as the age of management, the early 21st century is predicted to be more focused on governance. Both terms address control of corporations but governance has always required an examination of underlying purpose and legitimacy. - - James McRitchie, 8/1999 http://corpgov.net/library/definitions.html
John Boatright suggests that the stockholder model of corporate governance should be grounded in an awareness of the social nature of markets. This involves recognizing that markets are not purely self-regulating and that stakeholders' interests are interconnected, requiring a balance between shareholder wealth maximization and considering the impact on other stakeholders. Boatright argues for an approach that incorporates ethical considerations and engages with broader societal goals.
discount rate
Business ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide the behavior of individuals in a business environment, while corporate governance refers to the system and structure in place to oversee and direct the actions of a company's management in order to protect the interests of stakeholders. Essentially, business ethics focuses on individual behavior and decision-making, while corporate governance focuses on the overall management and oversight of a company.
the main difference between corporate governance and ethics is that the ethics are the philosophical and morally decent standards that a corporation attempts to stand by, while governance processes are the means by which a corporation attempts to remain as ethical as possible while still making a profit. The governance obligations and operations of a corporation vary depending on its type. For example, a sole-proprietorship--a business owned by a single person--has different financial necessities and legal obligations than a massive, publicly-traded corporation
Profit maximization does not reflect (1) the timing of profits and (2) the riskiness of different operating plans. However, both of these factors are reflected in stock price maximization.
Sure, profit maximization relates to profits *only* while shareholder wealth also involves total company equity, debt ratios and any of 15 other financial performance measure ratios. Management could focus on profit maximization over a longer period of time, say, 40 years (Toyota), while the shareholder would rather see stock values and corporate total value increase immediately (get in and get out) (90% of American manufacturers). If management focused on short-term profit maximization, say at the expense of long term sales revenues, then shareholder wealth (stock price) could actually decrease as a result of the loss of market share. The conflict of interests between shareholders and executives is an example of the "principle-agent problem."