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They refer to the alleles in a genotype. For the basics of genetics, we can say that each allele is either dominant or recessive. Dominant is represented by an uppercase letter, and recessive a lowercase. If the genotype is AA, it is homozygous dominant. If it is aa it is homozygous recessive. If it is Aa, it is heterozygous. Simply, homozygous means that both of the alleles are the same and heterozygous means it has one of each allele.

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