Answer 1
Yes; at least most of them do. See for example Deuteronomy 14:1.
Answer 2
Not in a literal sense, but Jews see all humans as creations and reflections of God. Jews believe that they were chosen by God to fulfill a specific spiritual mission in the world.
Yes.
"Hebrews" (Ivrim) actually means descendants of Eber (Ever). Ever was an ancestor of Abraham (Genesis ch.10-11) and the earliest Hebrews were Abraham's uncles and cousins for several generations back.
In 1934-39, excavations were conducted at ancient Mari on the Euphrates River. They found that ancient towns were named after the ancestors of Abraham: The city of Nahor was found near the city of Harran which exists to this day. Equally clear signs of early Hebrew residence appear in the names of other towns nearby: Serug (Assyrian Sarugi), Terah (Til Turakhi, "Mound of Terah"), and Peleg (Paliga, on the Euphrates). All these names are found in Genesis ch.11.
Abraham himself was called a Hebrew (Genesis 14) because of his ancestors, not because he was the first one. That is the simple meaning of Genesis 14:13. Poetically, however, Abraham is called Ivri because the name also translates to "other side." Abraham was on "the other side" since he was the only monotheist (Midrash Rabbah 42:8) until his teachings spread.
However, "Hebrews" is often used to refer to Abraham's Israelite descendants. In this sense it can refer to the Jewish people.
"Israelites" refers to the people down to about the time of the destruction of the First Temple some 2500 years ago. "Jews" refers to the people from Second Temple times onward, because after the Assyrian conquest the remaining Israelites were (and are) mostly from the Israelite tribe of Judah.
In 2000, the analysis of a report by Nicholas Wade "provided genetic witness that Jewish communities have, to a remarkable extent, retained their biological identity separate from their host populations, showing relatively little intermarriage or conversion into Judaism over the centuries. The results accord with Jewish history and tradition and refute theories which would allege that Jewish communities consist mostly of converts."
No. According to Judaism, the messiah has yet to come. Such people as Abraham and Moses were great leaders, but were not the messiah.
(For more about Abraham and Moses, click on this link.)
Yes.
"Hebrews" (Ivrim) means descendants of Eber (Ever). Ever was an ancestor of Abraham (Genesis ch.10-11) and the earliest Hebrews were Abraham's uncles and cousins for several generations back. They were among the Western Semites and lived in northern Mesopotamia, near the confluence of the Balikh and the Euphrates.
Abraham (18th century BCE) was called a Hebrew (Genesis ch.14) because of his wider family.
Poetically, however, Abraham himself is called Hebrew because that name (Ivri) also translates to "the other side." Abraham was figuratively on "the other side" since he was the only monotheist (Midrash Rabbah 42:8) until his teachings took root. His ancestors and cousins had slipped into idolatry well before his time, as is evident from Genesis 31:30, 31:53, and Joshua 24:2. For that reason, Jews do not bestow on them the honorific title of ancestors despite the genealogical connection.
We credit Abraham as our first ancestor despite knowing exactly who came before, since it was Abraham who founded our beliefs. Thus, "Hebrews" is often used to mean Abraham and his Israelite descendants, instead of his wider family. In this sense it can refer to the Jewish people.
The word "Hebrews" can continue to refer to Abraham's descendants until the lifetime of Jacob. After that, we prefer "Israelites," since Jacob was given that name by God (Genesis ch.35), and it is considered a national title; one of honor. "Israelites" refers to the people (Jacob's descendants) down to the Assyrian conquest (133 years before the destruction of the First Temple), some 2600 years ago.
"Jews" refers to the people from the end of First Temple times, up to this day, because after the Assyrian conquest the Israelites who remained in the land were (and are) mostly from the Israelite tribe of Judah, and the land was then called Judea. But all the above terms are occasionally interchanged.
In modern usage, we prefer to use the term "Hebrew" only to refer to the language.
YES, through Issac, Abrahams son, GOD promised to bring forth a great nation of people.
Most Jewish people are descended from Ancient Hebrews, though obviously the converts are not.
Most Jewish people are descended from Ancient Hebrews, though obviously Jews by choice (converts) are not.
No, they do not.
Jews are descendants of the ancient Hebrews, who practice the religion of Judaism.
they are known as Jews
The Jews. Muslims also claim lineage from Abraham.
The Jews are descendants of the Forefathers, Abraham Isaac and Jacob, who themselves are from the older Hebrews, progeny of Shem, son of Noah.
The Hebrews were the ancestors of the Israelites (now usually called Jews). The Hebrews were descendants of Eber (see Genesis ch.10-11). One of the Hebrews, Abraham, is credited with having founded what we call Judaism.
They were first called the Hebrews, then Israelites, then Judaeans, then Jews.
No. No native American tribes share genetic similarities to Hebrews.
Here is a simple way to remember: All Jews are Hebrews but not all Hebrews are Jews. Hebrews consisted of 12 'tribes' of which Judah was the 4th.
Abraham and Sarah had Isaac. Issac and Rebecca had Jacob. Jacob had twelve sons, who became the heads of the twelve tribes of Israel. Their descendants became known as the 'Jews' (Hebrews, Nation of Israel).
Jews range from fair-skinned to dark (such as the Yemeni Jews and others). And by the way, to which "Hebrews" do you refer?
Today, we do not refer to Jews as Hebrews. Also, Jews do not have any customs about "keeping" hair.Orthodox Jews tend to keep their hair short.Today, we do not refer to Jews as Hebrews. Also, Jews do not have any customs about "keeping" hair.
Hebrew people later became called Israelites, then Judaeans, then Jews. Today they are called Jews.