No, a lump of coal is opaque and non-white.
Not all crystalline materials are opaque, for instance diamond and many others. Some crystalline materials are opaque, it's because they absorb white light, which causes a gap (from IR up to UV) in the transmission spectra.
The surface will appear white.
Fog appears white because it scatters and reflects sunlight, making it appear opaque and white to the human eye.
In my limited experience no. It's white to brown, dull in color, somewhat opaque.
Clouds are not opaque; they are actually translucent. This means that they allow some light to pass through but scatter and reflect most of it. Clouds appear white because sunlight is scattered by water droplets or ice crystals in the cloud.
Gluesticks are an opaque white.
No, any color may be opaque, even white. Opaque is simply the quality of not being transparent or translucent.
An opaque white
Since it appears green in white light, it reflects the green part of the spectrum, absorbing all the other colors. In red light, it would not reflect any color, thus appearing black. Opaque objects absorb some of the light, and reflect the rest.
Emulsions typically appear white or opaque when light shines through them. This is due to the scattering of light by the dispersed particles in the emulsion, which causes the light to be reflected in multiple directions.
When white light shines on an opaque violet object, the object absorbs most of the colors in the white light spectrum except violet. The violet light is reflected off the object, making it appear violet to our eyes.
White is not transparent; it is an opaque color. Transparency refers to the ability of light to pass through a material. In the case of white, it reflects all visible wavelengths of light, making it appear white.