Yes ferns do have a thallus, and yes they are vascular plants.
Not all vascular plants have seeds. Some plants (like club mosses) are vascular and produce spores. For example the phylum Lycophyta are club mosses and quill-worts. these plants produce spores but still have vascular roots, stems, and one vascular vein in each leaf.
Yes, vascular bundles are present in petals or else they would not be able to obtain water and they would dry out. Typically petals have three vascular traces and a reticulate pattern of vascular bundles. To see vascular bundles in petals first clear the petals by soaking in 10% NaOH until semi-transparent. If the vascular bundles are still not visible, stain in safranin.
ferns
I'm assuming that you are referring to non-vascular plants, to which the answer is, despite having no vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) there are still tissues within that specialise in transportation of nutrients.
they've learnt that ferns are one of the oldest plants still in existence. and plants started off as algae-like organisms.
they've learnt that ferns are one of the oldest plants still in existence. and plants started off as algae-like organisms.
To have reproductive assistance from the water as their spores must travel by water in the reproductive process.
Forests consisted of the plants of the time. The dominant trees were conifers; some of these conifers that still exist today include Auracaria and Sequoia. There were also cycads, ferns, seed ferns, horsetails, and mosses. Toward the end of the Mesozoic, flowering plants such as palms and primitive grasses evolved.
Since non-vascular plants don't have xylem or phloem, they can't transport their materials around the plant as quickly. This means that the plant stays low to the ground, which allows for nutrients to still get to the entire plant. Think of a sponge; it takes a long time for water to travel up the sponge from the base up. The same is true for non-vascular plants.
Depends on the plant: If it is a bryophyte, most of the time is spent in the gametophyte stage, until a sperm and egg fertilize. Once that happens the plant goes to the sporophyte stage, where spores are released to create more gametophytes. In seedless vascular plants, such as ferns, the plant still starts in the gametophyte (until fertilization) but the majority of the cycle is spent in the sporophyte stage (release spores to create new gametophytes). Seed bearing vascular plants have both stages at the same time but the sporophyte stage is not seen, all takes place in the flower.
Yes, seedless plants produce pollen. Pollen is the male reproductive structure responsible for transferring sperm cells to female reproductive structures in plants for fertilization. Seedless plants, such as ferns and mosses, rely on spores for reproduction, but they still produce pollen for this purpose.
In most plants, the vascular system helps to distribute water and nutrients from the roots throughout the plant to the leaves. The presence of a vascular system allows for plants, especially trees, to grow to great lengths and still obtain all the nutrients and water to feed the cells throughout.