Yes, US earnings are taxable, (unless some political treaty with the other country is in effect).
Yes
The wages you earn are your gross pay. After taxes and everything else is removed from your paycheck, what remains is your net pay.
People pay taxes in many different ways. Taxes are taken out of your paycheck, you pay taxes when you make purchases at a store, and you pay taxes on your home and property.
yes, you still made the income
No.
Alabama pay resident (if they have any) gerogia pay non-resident on the earned wages
Yes this is very possible because the amount is replacing wages that you had not yet received and paid any income tax on yet. So the amount will be subject to income taxes in the year that you receive the amount of lost wages.
When you sell the gold, that is income- and you will pay Federal Income Tax on that income, just like you pay on wages you earn.
The W$ form is your request for the withholding of taxes from pay. The W2 is a statement of wages paid and taxes withheld.
Nothing will be withheld from your paycheck because the paycheck is issued to you after all of the necessary taxes have been withheld from your gross earnings (wages). You should get this information from your employer payroll department as they will be the one that would know how much FICA, federal income tax, state income, local taxes, etc they will have to withhold from your hourly pay or gross pay for the pay period. After the withheld amount for all taxes is subtracted from your gross wages (earned income) your paycheck will issued for the net amount of your earning (wages).
If the wages were not paid to you, then you didn't pay any taxes on them. You already got your deduction, you can't have a second one. If you are saying that your employer put wages on your W-2 that he didn't pay you, then ask your employer for a corrected W-2.
That you will be required to pay those taxes out of income. You may get some of it back after filing your tax return ... or you may have to pay more, depending on your deductions and how much is taken out of your wages for each pay period.