Most newer laptops do not, though some older ones did.
Possibly, but very unlikely.
If it has a USB port, you can use memory sticks/flash drives. I don't know of any laptops that don't have floppy drives, zip drives, CD ROM drives or USB ports.
Most laptops manufactured since 2000 do not have floppy drives, or require you to purchase an external dongle. Older ones did have a floppy drive built-in.
Computers made today generally do not have any floppy drives at all. PCs traditionally had 2 floppy drives (A: and B:) but might have only one of these. The original Mac had 1 floppy drive. Early microcomputers could frequently have as many as 4 floppy drives. (I had one with this capability but I never connected more than 3 floppy drives, these were 8 inch double sided double density drives).
Floppy diskette drives read and write information to a single rotating disk that can be removed from the drive.
They all store information.
Floppy disk drives, or just floppy disks. Nothing special.
Yes, floppy drives are a thing of the past, they are small and easily corrupted.
Mac laptops may likely have solid state drives (not hard drives). Those drives are 2.5" form factor and can be replaced by hard drives.
Most modern computers do not have any floppy drives at all. Ones made before 2001 generally had one. Two floppy drives was common only in very old computers with no fixed storage device.
It means floppy drives that are built for higher capacities, or with newer technologies can also read floppy drives with older technologies/less storage. But not vice versa.
Not sure what you're looking for here. We always just called them 'floppy disk drives.'