Once a work of sufficient originality is fixed in a tangible medium, it is automatically protected by copyright.
Copyright significantly predates the CD, but nearly all CDs are protected by copyright.
Yes. Virtually anything you encounter online, unless specified otherwise, is protected by copyright.
Anything that is written or recorded is automatically protected by copyright. Neither registration nor notification is not required for protection.
Because any copyrightable work is automatically protected, it can be assumed that all websites are protected by copyright unless specified otherwise. Notification is not required for protection.
You can't copyright anything that isn't your original work. But since copyright is automatic, if something is copyrightable and it exists, it is protected. That is, there is nothing in existence that is copyrightable that is not copyrighted.
Because copyright is automatic, very few new works are not protected; typically anything you encounter online, for example, will be protected by copyright unless it specifically says otherwise. For older works, it depends when it was made, where, and by whom.
No. You could copyright a drawing or photograph of the logo but the logo itself would have to be protected as a trademark.
Yes; sound recordings have extremely convoluted copyright, but anything since 1978 is protected.
Anything that can't be "fixed in a tangible medium" cannot be protected: an idea, for example, needs to be written down or recorded somehow. Anything that isn't "of sufficient creativity" cannot be protected: recipes are the best example, because the list of ingredients isn't necessarily creative, but the formatting and printing of a recipe can be. At the moment, fashion is not protected by copyright, but this is being debated.
Individual words are not protected by copyright.
Yes.
Yes. All of the photos taken in the movie are protected by copyright.