You do not need to present a birth certificate to use a passport for its intended purpose. A passport alone is sufficient proof of nationality/citizenship. You may need to present a birth certificate in order to apply for a passport.
no. they stopped letting you do that on June 1st.
It depends upon the purpose for which you are presenting identification. A passport is sufficient proof of citizenship, age and date of birth.
No
No you need a passport
With the U.S.'s new restrictions, you need a passport any time you leave the country. You'll want the birth certificate to get the passport, though, so in a sense you do use it to go on a cruise.
No you need a passport.
No.
No
In most countries, yes you can.
No you will need a visa. To get that you will need a passport. To get a passport your country will normally require that you present you birth certificate. Citizens of some countries may not actually have to have a visa, if their home country participates in the Visa Waiver Program. You can check with the nearest US Embassy or Consulate to see if you need a visa or not; you'll definitely need the passport, though.
birth certificate
Only within the US. You'll need a passport to leave the country, even to go to Canada.
The ID is sufficient.
No, to your question about an expired passport. I'm sure you can't mean "expired birth certificate", even if that's what your wording suggests. However, a birth certificate alone won't get you into the USA.