No you cannot call you're self a pastry chef without a degree because you are going to have some experience to become one.
No.
pastry shortening melt at temperature 44 degree C up to 46 degree C.
lol degree
You do not necessarily need to get a special pastry degree. During your course of study for your culinary degree, you can actually take classes tailored to that specialization. Depending on the school you go to, you might be able to take it as a specialization or even take it as a minor for your studies.
You don't, pastry can be made without sugar. Sugar is only added if a sweet pastry is required.
Pastry Chef
There is no French pastry going by the name of pemberton.
To obtain a degree in cake decorating and pastry arts, one would go to a culinary institute, where the emphasis is on food, rather than to college, where the focus is on academics.
They are called Konditorei.
Whole wheat pastry flour enriches your baked goods without making them heavy.
Shortcrust pastry is classically made without raising agents - just plain flour, butter, salt and water.
Fatties
A cream puff